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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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the process of acquiring new information
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Memory
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the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time
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Encoding
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the processing of incoming information to be stored
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Acquisition
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to register inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages
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Consolidation
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the process by which memory representations become stronger over time. Believed to include changes in the brain system participating in the storage of information
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Storage
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The result of acquisition and consolidation, creates and maintains a permanent record
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Retrieval
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Utilizes stored information to create a conscious representation or execute a learned behavior like a motor act
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Sensory Memory
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The ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. It refers to items detected by the sensory receptors which are retained temporarily
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Short-term memory
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Is associated with the retention over seconds to minutes
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Long-term memory
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Information maintained for a significant time (Is measured in days or years)
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Echoic memory
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The auditory version of sensory memory that refers to the phenomenon in which there is a brief mental echo that continues to sound after an auditory stimuli has been heard
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Iconic memory
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Sensory memory for visual stimuli
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Serial position effect
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Better at recalling the first and last items in a list
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Primacy
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First. Thought to be the result of the fact that at the beginning of the list we have sufficient capacity and ability to rehearse the information and are so able to get it into long term memory quicker
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Working Memory
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the structures and process used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. (might be the result of information that has been put into sensory memory or it might be information that has been taken out of long-term memory.
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Phonologica loop
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mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory
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Multicomponent Model of Working memory
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proposes that there two "slave systems" are responsible for short-term maintenance of information, and a "central executive" is responsible for the supervision of information intergration and for coordinating the slave system
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Visuospatial sketchpad
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short-term representation that parallels the phonological loop and permits information storage in either purely visual or visuospacial codes
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Lesions to the left Supramarginal Gyrus
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cause defecits in phonological working memory, reduced auditory-verbal memory spans, and cannot hold a string of words in working memory
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Lesions to right parieto-occipital region
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leads to severe deficit in visuospatial working memory.
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Lesions to the left parieto-occipital region
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leads to impairments in short-term memory for visually presented linguistic material
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Declarative memory
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refers to knowledge we have conscious access to, including personal and world knowledge
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Non-declarative memory
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refers to knowledge we have no conscious access to, such as motor and cognitive skills (procedural knowlege), perceptual priming, and simple learned behaviors that derive from conditioning, habituation, or sensitization
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Episotic memory
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information about our own lives (autobiographical)
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Semantic memory
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world knowledge-factual information and general knowledge about the world, generally thought to be independent of context and personal relevance
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Procedural Knowledge
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involves the learning of a variety of motor and cognitive skills
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Perceptual representation system (PRS)
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acts within the perceptual system in which the structure and form object and words can be primed by prior experience and can be revealed later using implicit memory tests
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Priming
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refers to a change in the response to or ability to identify a stimulus as the results of prior exposure to stimulus
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Non-associative learning
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involves forms of simple learning such as habituation and sensitization
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Habituation
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is a decrease in response to a stimulus when the stimulus is presented repeatedly
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Sensitization
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an enhanced response to may different stimuli after expecting an intense or noxious one
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Classical Conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because of its repeated paring with some event
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Conditioned Stimulus
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an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response
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Unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically triggers a response
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Classical Conditioning: Before Conditioning
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The unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response while the neural stimulus produces no response
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Classical Conditioning: During Conditioning
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the unconditioned stimulus is pared with the neutral stimulus. the unconditioned stimulus produces a response
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Classical Conditioning: After Conditioning
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the neural stimulus is now the conditioned stimulus. It produces a conditioned response which is the same as the unconditioned response
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Medial Temporal Lobe
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includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, and the surrounding parahippocampal and perirhinal cortical areas
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Consolidation
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memories are solidified in long-term stores over days, weeks, months, and years. also biological changes that underlie the long-term retention of learned information
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Hippocampus
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region is critical for the consolidation of information in long-term memory
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