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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the definition of physical agents?
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Energy and materials applied to patients to assist in rehabilitation
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What are examples physical agents?
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Heat/Cold
Pressure Sound Electromagnetic radiation Radiation Electrical Currents |
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What are the 3 categories of physical properties?
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Thermal
Mechanical Electromagnetic |
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What are examples of thermal agents?
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Deep
Superficial |
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What are examples of mechanical agents?
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Traction
Compression Water Sound |
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What are examples of electromagnetic agents?
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Electromagnetic fields
Electric Currents |
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What category is A?
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Thermal
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What category is A?
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Thermal
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What category is B?
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Mechanical
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What category is C?
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Electromagnetic
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What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the initial injury stage of healing?
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Prevent further injury or bleeding
Clean open wound |
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What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the chronic inflammation stage of healing?
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Prevent/decrease joint stiffness
Control pain Increase circulation Progress to proliferation stage |
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What are the goals of treatments using modalities during the remodeling stage of healing?
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Regain or maintain strength
Regain or maintain flexibility Control scar tissue formation |
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What are the effective agents used during the initial injury stage of tissue healing?
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Static compression
Cryotherapy Hydrotherapy |
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What are the effective agents used during the chronic inflammation stage of tissue healing?
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Thermotherapy
Motor ES Whirlpool Fluidotherapy ES Laser Compression Hydrotherapy |
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What are the effective agents used during the remodeling stage of tissue healing?
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Motor ES
Water Exercise Thermotherapy Brief Ice Massage Compression |
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What are the effects of physical agents during initial injury?
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Clean
Immobilize Compress RICE Thermotherapy |
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What are the effects of physical agents during inflammation?
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Change rates of circulation
And chemical reactions Control motion Alter fluid flow Alter cell function Membrane permeability and transport Helps move more quickly through inflam. stage Increases enzyme activity rate Promotes collagen deposition |
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What are the effects of physical agents during acute inflammation?
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Control edema, pain, bleeding, mediators
Progress to proliferative stage |
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What are the effects of physical agents during chronic inflammation?
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Prevent/decrease joint stiffness
Control pain Increase circulation |
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What are the effects of physical agents during proliferation?
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Control scar tissue
Blood flow Maintain strength and flexibility |
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What are the effects of physical agents during maturation?
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Regain or maintain strength
Control scar tissue |
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What are the majority of nociceptors, slow conducting—second component of pain?
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C Fibers
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What are the type of nociceptors? What are their key characteristics?
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Alpha-Sigma Subsets: myelinated, long and short latency
C Subsets: unmyelinated |
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What are key points to suprspinal pain modulation?
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Synaptic relay points excited, or inhibited
Descend back to spinal cord to innervate spinal interneurons in dorsal horn Release of endogenous opiates, which inhibit the second order sensory neurons |
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What are the different states of pain?
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Acute
Referred Persistent Abnormal Chronic |
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What are different ways to assess pain?
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Severity (pain scales)
Location (body diagram) Quality (word descriptors) Observation of nonverbal cues (facial expression and posture) Mode of onset, duration, provoking and relieving factors (history) |
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What are the pain theories?
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Specificity
Pattern New |
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What is the specificity pain theory?
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Von Frey: pain sensation is dependent on stimulation of specialized nerve endings for each sensation, i.e. heat for heat
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What is the pattern pain theory?
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Sensation of pain results from increase in frequency or intensity of receptor stimulation—summation
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What is the new pain theory?
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Combination of specificity and patter. There are specialized receptors and CNS modulates
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What is the pain-spasm-pain cycle?
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Nociceptor activation resulting in t-cell activation stimulation an anterior horn cell to cause a muscle fiber to contract, resulting in accumulation of fluid and tissue irritants and mechanical compression of the nociceptor and increasing nociceptor activation
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What are sympathetic nervous system influences?
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Heart rate, blood pressure, vessel constriction, sweating
Increase in severity and in exaggerated signs and symptoms Many names: causalgia, RSD, shoulder-hand syndrome, posttraumatic dystrophy, Sudeck’s atrophy Now called: complex regional pain syndrome |
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What is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)?
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Out of proportion pain
Hyperesthesia Allodynia Trophic changes: skin atrophy, hyperhidrosis, edema, splotches, decreased hair growth Most common in hands Associated with frozen shoulder |
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What are characteristics of having a high specific heat?
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Require more energy to heat up
Hold more energy at a given temp. More caution—have to apply at lower temp. |
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What is the specific heat of important materials?
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What are different modes of heat transfer?
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Conduction
Convection Conversion Radiation Evaporation |
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What are examples of conduction?
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Ice Packs
Heat Packs |
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What are examples of convection?
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Whirlpool
Fluidotherapy |
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What are examples of conversion?
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Ultrasound
Diathermy |
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What are examples of radiation?
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Infrared lamps
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What are examples of evaporation?
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Vapocoolant spray
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What are effects of cold?
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Hemodynamic
Neuromuscular Metabolic |
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What are precautions of cold?
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What are contraindications of cold?
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What are clinical applications of cold?
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Control:Inflammation, Pain, Edema
Allow ROM Reduce muscle spasm |
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What are adverse effects of cryotherapy?
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Frostbite
Nerve damage Nerve block No more than 45 minutes of application |
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What is to be documented when using cryotherapy?
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Area
Agent used Duration Position Response |
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What are effects of heat?
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Neuromuscular
Increased Pain Threshold Decreased Muscle Strength Increased Metabolism Increased Tissue Extensibility |
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What are clinical used for heat?
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Pain control
Increased ROM Accelerated Healing |
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What are contraindications of heat?
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What are precautions of heat?
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What are adverse effects of heat?
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Burns
Fainting Bleeding Skin/eye damage from infrared |
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What is to be documented when using heat?
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Area
Agent used Treatment parameters: temp., insulation and amount, distance from patient, position, duration, response |
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What is A?
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Compression
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What is B?
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Rarefaction
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What does this figure represent?
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Attenuation
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What is attenuation?
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Gradual decrease in intensity as it passes through tissue
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What is A?
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Thermal
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What is B?
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Non-thermal
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What is acoustic streaming?
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Circular flow of fluids—transport of material across ultrasound field
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What is microstreaming?
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Microscale eddying around the gas bubbles
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What is cavitation?
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Formation, growth, and pulsation of gas-filled bubbles due to compression/rarefaction
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What is '"x"?
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Effective Radiating Area (ERA)
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What does this figure represent?
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Beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR)
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What are contraindications of ultrasound?
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What are precautions of ultrasound?
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What are adverse effects of ultrasound?
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Standing waves—blood cell stasis
Burns Cross-contamination/ infection |