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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pre-Famine
What caused Irish to migrate? Who controlled land? Who did pop. consist of? Where did they travel to? What kind of work did they do? |
(1822-1844)
-pop. boom -land controlled by English landlords so forced to raise cattle --single Irish males came to New England and Boston -manual labor |
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Famine
How many people? What caused Irish to migrate? |
(1845-1854)
-1.5 million immigrants (heaviest flow in irish history) -the blight: potato crop destroyed by disease |
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Post-Famine
How many people? What caused Irish to migrate? What work did they do? |
(1855-1930s)
-2.5 million migrate -different from other groups because of religion: Catholic (seen as subordinate group) -became workers and soldiers in Civil War |
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New York City Draft Riots
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(1863)
The Irish saw blacks as being reason for Civil War and resented them bc they were citizens. 105 killed. |
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Irish Immigration
Rate of political rise? |
-Irish quickly gained political power
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Irish Immigration:Boss System
Who is political boss? What is Tammany Hall? Who is Boss Tweed? What is the political machine? |
-political boss= middle man
-Tammany Hall=institution symbolizing corruption in NY -Boss Tweed=middle man who runs Tammany Hall -political machine= graft given in exchange for something |
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George W. Plunkitt
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(during Irish Immigrations)
-explained political machine/graft system -he would give people job opportunities in exchange for their votes |
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Notable Politicians
Alfred E. Smith John F. Kennedy Dwight Eisenhower |
-Smith=1st Irish Catholic to run for Democratic Party
-Kennedy=1st to win for Democratic Party -Eisenhower=1st German |
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Irish Stereotypes
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-beastly and brutish
-drinking -fighting |
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Transcontinental Railroad
What 2 companies built it and why was the labor performed by groups associated with each? |
(1862-1869)
1. union pacific railroad-from East (Irish labor bc no $ to travel West) 2. central pacific railroad-from West (Chinese labor bc China closer to W. coast) |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
What caused the initial fear of Chinese? How many times was the act renewed? The act only allowed for who to enter the US? |
(1882)
-the large # of chinese on W. Coast caused fear -renewed 2 times: once for 10 years (1892) and then indefinately (1902) -only educators and merchants families allowed in |
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History vs. Hollywood Video
Who is the director? What is it about? |
Martin Scorcese
-gangs in NY, association with Irish |
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William Cutting
What did he run? Who did he work with and why? |
-man who ruled the 5 points while Amsterdam grew up in orphanage
-began to work with Boss Tweed; he gave him the Irish immigrant vote |
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5 points
|
a district in NYC; very corrupt; crime and sickness common
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William Amsterdam
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-son of the leader of "dead rabbits" (an Irish gang)
-grew up in an orphanage but once old enough to leave he learned corruption -reinvents dead rabbits and schedules to fight Nativists (day to fight ended up being day draft riots start) |
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Bill "the butcher" Poole
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Nativist who has headquarters in 5 points
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William T. Sherman
What did he issue? Where did the freed slaves get to go? |
(1865)
he isssued Field Order No. 15 which provided for the confiscation 400000 acres for freed slaves to live on -the slaves were allowed to live on the Sea Islands, 30 miles of land off coast of SC |
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Thaddeus Stevens
Who was he and what did he help draft? |
(1792-1868)
-Radical Republican -helped to draft 14th ammendment and Reconstruction Act (1867) |
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Benjamin Wade
Who was he and what did he fight against? |
(1800-1878)
-Radical Republican -fought against fugitive slave act and kansas-nebraska act |
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Henry Davis
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(1817-1865)
-Radical Republican -anti-slavery |
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Wade-Davis Bill
|
-mandated that there be a 50% white male something to be confirmed by the Us Senate
-passed 1964 but Lincoln vetoed it and then refused to sign |
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Andrew Johnson
...pardons |
(1808-1875)
-took charge of presidential reconstruction until 1866 -impeached by radicals in 1868 and then acquited by single vote (1st pres. to be impeached) -...pardons used in speech addressing slaves to give them land he planned on confiscating from rich |
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Freedman's Bureau
What was it? Who was it intended to help? Who disbanded it? |
federal agency formed during Reconstruction to aid distressed refugees of Civil War; primarily to aid freed slaves in south
-disbanded by Johnson |
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Rutherford B. Hayes
|
(1822-1893)
-ran against Tilden in election of 1876 -illegitimate election led to him winning by 8 to 7 vote |
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Samuel Tilden
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(1814-1886)
-ran against Hayes in 1876 election -won by over 250,000 votes but then when redone, Hayes won |
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Black Codes
|
(enacted 1860)
laws passed on state and local level in US to restrict civil rights and civil liberties of blacks, particularly former slaves in former confederate states |
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Mississippi Plan
Who devised it and what was it? Explain 2 steps. |
(1875)
-devised by Democrats to violently overthrow Republicans by organized violence in order to redeem the state of Mississippi 1. persuade 10-15% of Rep. to change to Democrats 2.intimidate black population either by economic coercion or violence |
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Sharecropping
|
system of agriculture where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced
-worked in collaboration with ex-slaves to re-employ them |
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Peonage
|
someone working in an unfree labor system
|
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Ethnic Notions
Who produced? |
Marlin Riggs
|
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Blackface
|
white men who performed as blacks
-later, blacks began performing in blackface |
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T.D. Rice
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-white comedian who performed in blackface
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Jim Crow Dance
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exaggerated character dance (1828)
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Brute
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-caricature portraying blacks as savages, animalistic, criminals, etc.
-crime is most commonly rape of white women |
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Mammy
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-caricature of black women portrayed as docile, loyal, protective
-thought to be happy as slaves -offered as a defense of slavery |
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Zip-Coon
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caricature of black men portrayed as lazy, easily frightened, buffoonish, child-like, etc.
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Sambo
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-caricature of black men (same as Zip-Coon) but looked more like children
-offered as a defense of slavery and segregation |
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Pickaninnies
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-caricature of black children brutes
-seen as animal-like |
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De Facto Segregation
|
something that is occuring/happening
|
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De Jure Segregation
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something that is occuring/happening by law
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
What happened that led to this case? What comes from this? |
(1896)
-Homer Plessy, a mulatto, sat in white section of street car. He looked white so it was allowed but someone knew he wasnt white. -separate but equal comes from this=segregation de jure |
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Grace Hale
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"Making Whiteness" (1998)
-how segregation changed over the years -whites felt superior to blacks only bc they were white |
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Abel Meeropool
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-wrote poem "Strange Fruit"
-poem about lynching |
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Billie Holliday
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-used poem "Strange Fruit" by Abel Meeropool to create a song (1939)
|
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3714 "Reported" Lynchings
|
(1900-1930s)
GA 302 MISS 258 TX 201 LA 172 ALA 132 FL 170 |
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Ida B. Wells
What happened to her bc of her book? Who did she start to work with? |
-wrote "Southern Horrors" (1892)
-she tried to call attention to lynching -she was kicked out of town for her book and then began to work with WEB DuBois |
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W.E.B. DuBois
What 2 things is he famous for? |
-wrote "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903)
-discusses problems of blacks in America -"Crisis"=newspaper about lynching |
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Does the community embrace lynching?
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No, they condoned it.
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What 2 ways did the South remain to be in power at the turn of the century?
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Segregation and Lynching
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At the turn of the century, what was happeing during the early 1900s?
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-blacks were at their lowest living point
-racial violence was out of control |
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At the cross over to the 20th century, what was taking place in the film industry?
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Whites were no longer performing as blacks bc blacks were now acting
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Leo Frank
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man from GA who was lynched
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With WWI, who was now included in the US Army?
-Race Riots (1919-1921) |
-blacks included
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When did lynching take place?
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(Reconstruction-1950s)
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Homestead Act
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-free land for all willing to move to western frontier to cultivate the land
-2 to 6 million farms |
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Black Kettle
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(1801-1868)
Cheyenne Chief who tried to secure peace for his people -sent to Fort Lyon in CO but went to Sand Creek instead |
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John Chivington
Who was he searching for? |
(1801-1868)
Went searching for Cheyenne in CO. He searched for months before he found them. He then held a massacre at Sandy Creek, killing even the women and children (1864). |
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Sitting Bull
His arrest led to what? |
(1831-1890)
Lakota Chief; he did not want ppl to become Americanized in 1890 he was arrested by Indian police...he was shot in heart. led to massacre called WOUNDED KNEE (1864) |
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Carlisle School
What famous person attended this school? |
(1879)-Pennsylvania
Jim Thorpe-famous football player and 1st commissioner of NFL |
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General Allotment Act (Dawes Act)
Senator Dawes wanted to make what of the Indians? |
(1887)
-Senator Dawes intended to make Indians capitalists -80 acres polts -massive plundering -land rush to OK(1989) |
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Manifest Destiny
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the idea that US citizens had ability and could move west to do their stuff
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Railroads
US wants to protect from who? What did they rely heavily on? What dictated time in the US? |
(1850-1900)
-wanted to protect railroads from Indians -they relied heavily on time -time was dictated by money and railroad service |
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Conditions of the Western Frontier
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Blizzards: great blizzard of OK
Rain and Flooding Prarie Fires Grasshoppers |
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New Immigrants
|
(1880-1920s)
Eastern Europeans |
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New Immigrants
How did they arrive? Where did they come from? What were their characteristics? |
-they arrived in large numbers
-Southern, Eastern, and Central Europe -they are mostly young,male, poor, without families, unskilled---all things to be feared in US |
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How did the new immigrants live?
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-they lived in dumbell tenements (NY 1879)
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Italian Immigration
Stereotypes? Criminal Roots? Persecution? |
-Dago, Guinea, Mafia, WOP
-patrone system=farm owners who dont live on farm and has someone else do job, blackhand letters=form of exhortation...kidnapping and threatening to -lynched |
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Sacco and Vanzetti
Where did they work? Why did each suffer? |
-they worked in shoe factory when it was robbed on pay day
-Sacco suffered for being Italian, Vanzetti suffered for being a criminal based on ethnicity -both executed 1927 |
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Italian assimilation
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Italians changed and Americanized their names
|
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Nativism
Attitudes? |
(1880-1920s)
-economic fears, scientific racism, cultural differences |
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Nativism
Responses? Who was now in charge? |
-Americanization efforts
-xenophobia -now KKK in charge (1915-1920) |
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D.W. Griffith
Movie? Who does movie come from? |
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
-movie comes from Thomas Dixon |
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Nathan Bedford Forrest
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(1821-1877)
founder of KKK |
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William Simmons
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(1880-1945)
leader of KKK in 1915 |
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Eugenics
Who does it target? Laws? What gave way to Eugenics? |
the idea that the strong should survive and the government should help
-targets the poor and immigrants -30 states have laws (1930) -WWII and Holocaust gave way to Eugenics |
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Hugo Black
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(1886-1971)
KKK attorney; he successfully defended methodist preacher who killed Catholic Priest |
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What did the KKK lead to?
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Anti-Jewish Organizations
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the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
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publication set forth by Russian police at the end of the 1800s
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Dominant language in schools during the 1830s
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German
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when was there a backlash agaisnt Germans?
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1880s
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The Bennet Law
|
(1890)
passed in Wisconsin saying English must be taught for 16 weeks in order to be a school and receive money from gov. |
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Nebraska, 1919
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1 out of 10 bills involved language and removing german
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During WWI, who was most commonly lynched?
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the German because they were seen as the enemies
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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(1907-1908)
informal agreement between Japanese and Americans |
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Issei vs. Nissei
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-Issei=first generation
-Nissei=second generation |
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Ozawa vs. US
|
(1922)
-Jap with white wife and kids -thought being white could be determined by science -Ozawa not allowed to become a citizen |
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US vs. Thind
|
-Indian
-thought being white was not determined by science -allowed to become citizen |
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Cable Act
Who was it targeted at? |
(1922)
anyone who married an ineligible would lose their citizenship -targeted white women |
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Immigration Act of 1924(National Origins Act)
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wanted to make country WASP again
|
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Joe Louis "The Brown Bomber"
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great boxer; received medal as symbol of strength for nation
|
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George Armwood
|
1933
last black man to be lynched in MD |
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Charles Houston
|
(1895-1950)
black lawyer; he planned to attack and defeat jim crow segregation by using "separate but equal" doctrine as it pertained to education |
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Donald Gaines Murray
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(1935-1937)
black who wanted to attend Univ. in MD -his case successfully challenged segregated education |
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Mary McCloud Bethune
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(1975-1955)
worked with FDR trying to get him to propose law against lynching |
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Claude Neal
|
1934
lynched for murder, mob beat him then dragged him behind car |
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David Sholtz
|
(1891-1953)
passed workers comp law mandated free textbooks funded salaries for teachers |
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Maya Angelou
|
1922-present
multiple writings clothes hoax attacking kkk |
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Jesse Owens
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(1919-1980)
American track and field athlete |
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Avery Brundage
|
(1887-1975)
racist decisions in Olympics -replacing owens with jews on team |
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Father Coughlin
|
(1891-1979) Catholic priest at Little Flower
-radio program |
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Robert Wagner
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(1877-1953)
German immigrant, became Democratic Senator; tried to get FDR to support anti-lynching bill |
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Marian Anderson
|
(1897-1993)
black singer -DAR refused to let her sing at Constitution Hall in 1939 |