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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common cause of neutral tube defects |
Folate deficiency |
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Most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the US |
FAS |
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Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens discoloration |
Marfans |
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Heredity nephritis, cataracts, sensorineuronal hearing loss |
Alport's Syndrome |
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"Worst HA of my life" |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
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Lucid interval following head trauma |
Epidural hemorrhage |
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Bloody CSF on LP |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
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Most common cause of subdural hematoma |
Rupture of bridging veins |
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Most common cause of epidural hematoma |
Rupture of middle meningeal artery |
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Treatment for absence seizures |
Ethosuximide |
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Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures |
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid |
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Hemangioblastoma |
Von Hippel Lindau Disease (assoc. with RCC) |
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Anyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain |
Alzheimer's |
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Drooling farmer |
Organophosphate poisoning |
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Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma |
Phenoxybenzamine |
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Selective α1 agonist for BPH |
Tamuslosin |
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Angiofibromas, ash leaf spots |
TS (also see astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma) |
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Genetic defect associated with coarctation of the aorta |
Turner's syndrome |
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Genetic defect associated with aorticopulmonary septum defect |
Trisomy 21 |
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Genetic defect associated with endocardial cushion defects |
Trisomy 21 |
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Machine like heart murmur |
PDA |
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Boot shaped heart on CXR |
Tetrology of Fallot or other PAH |
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Rib notching |
Coarctation of aorta |
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Most common conenital cadiac anomoly |
VSD |
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Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis |
Tetrology of Fallot |
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Infectious cause of PDA |
Rubella |
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Bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Anemia + neurological dysfunciton |
Vitamin B12 deficiency |
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Treatment for Ethylene glycol OD |
Fomepizole |
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Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis |
Paget Disease of Bone |
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Vertebral compression fractures |
Osteoporosis |
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Positive anterior drawer sign |
ACL injury |
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Swollen, hard painful finger joint |
OA |
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Swollen, boggy painful finger joings |
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath |
OA |
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Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint |
Gout |
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Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals |
Pseudogout |
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Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals |
Gout |
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Bamboo spine on X ray |
Akyosing spondylitis |
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HLA B-27 |
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies |
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Wet, Wacky, and Wobbly |
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
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Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies |
SLE |
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Anti-histone antibodies |
Drug-induced lupus |
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Anti-centromere antibodies |
CREST scleroderma |
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies |
Diffuse systemic scleroderma |
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Anti-Jo 1 antibodies |
Polymyositis |
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Anti-Ro antibodies |
Sjogren Syndrome |
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Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes |
Sjogren Syndrome |
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Most common cause of death in SLE |
Lupus nephropathy nephritis OR infection (if renal ds. treated) |
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Keratin pearls on skin Bx |
Squamous cell carcioma |
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Most common skin tumor |
Basal cell carcinoma |
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Main artery of pelvis |
Inernal iliac |
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Main nerve of pelvis |
Pudendal nerve |
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"Bag of worms" scrotum |
Varciocele |
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Site of testicular lymph drainage |
Para-aortic lymph nodes |
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Site of R/L gondadal vein drainage |
L= Renal vein R = IVC |
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Most common cancer in men |
Prostate |
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Most common cause of urinary Sx in men |
BPH |
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Most common Tx of ED |
Sildenafil |
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Hepatic adenoma |
OCP use |
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Grape-like vaginal tumor |
Sarcoma botyroides |
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Koilocytes |
HPV |
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Most common benign tumor of women |
Leiomyoma |
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"Chocolate cyst" of ovary |
Endometriosis |
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"Gunpowder lesion" of ovary |
Endometriosis |
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Plamsa cells in endometrium |
Chronic endometritis |
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Most common cause of infertility in women |
PCOS |
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Midcycle pain associated with ovulation |
Middelschmerz |
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Ovarian tumor + ascieites + hyrdrothorax |
Meig's Syndrome (Fibroma) |
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Teratoma → hyperthyroidism |
Struma ovarii |
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Psammoma bodies in the ovary |
Serous cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma |
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Signet Ring Cells in the ovary |
Krukenburg tumor (gastric adenocarcinoma) |
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Snowstorm appearance on us |
Hyatidiform mole |
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Most common genetic cuase of intellectual disability |
Trisomy 21 |
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Second Most common genetic cuase of intellectual disability |
Fragile X |
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Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma |
Turner syndrome |
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Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly, with prominent occiput and small jaw |
Edward syndrome (Trisomy 18) |
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Most common cancer in women in the US |
Breast |
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Most common benign breast tumor |
Fibroadenoma |
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Most common malignant breast tumor |
Invasive ductal carcinoma |
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Blue dome cyst in the breast |
Fibrocystic changes |
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Treatment for ER+ breast cancer |
Tamoxifen |
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Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nopple |
Paget Disease of Breast |
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Branching, filamentous, G+ rods with sulfur granules |
Actinomyces Israelii |
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Standards treatment for T. Pallidum |
Penicillin G |
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Cellulitis from a dog or cat bit |
Pasturella Multicoda |
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Non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion |
Chancre of primary syphilis |
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Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion |
Condyloma Lata (secondary syphilis) |
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Large Bull's eye rash |
Erythema marginatum (Lyme) |
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Associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex + hilar LAD |
Primary TB |
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Associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes |
Reactivation TB |
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Standard initial treatment regimen for TB |
Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
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Eczema, recurrent cold absesses |
Hyper IgE (Job) |
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Large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils |
Chediak-Higashi syndrome |
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Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument |
+ Babinski sign |
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Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and + Babinski sign |
UMN lesion |
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Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy |
LMN lesion |
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Depigmentation of the substantia nigra |
Parkinson's |
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Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen |
Huntington's |
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Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons |
Lewy Bodies |
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Conjugate latera gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze |
Internuclear opthalmoplegia |
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Degeneration of dorsal columns |
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis) |
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Demylinating disease in a young woman |
Multiple Sclerosis |
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Mixed upper and lower MN disease with no sensory involvement |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Most common cause of dementia |
Alzheimer's |
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Second most common cause of dementia |
Vascular |
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Extracellular amyloid deposits in the grey matter |
Amyloid plaques |
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Intracellar deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein |
Neurofibrillary tangles |
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Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain |
Pick bodies |
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Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia |
Plummer-Vinson syndrome |
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Hematemesis with retching |
Mallory-Weiss tear |
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Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus |
Signet cell: Breast-Lobular carcinoma in situ Gastric adenocarcinoma |
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Most common type of stomahc cancer |
Adenocarcinoma |
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Ovarian mets from gastric cancer |
Krukenburg tumor |
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Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels |
Zollinger-Ellis Syndrome |
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP and head trauma |
Cushing's ulcer |
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns |
Curling's ulcer |
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation |
Whipple disease |
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Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antiboides |
Celiac sprue |
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Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects |
Folic acid |
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Most common surgical emergency |
Appendicitis |
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severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness |
McBurney's sign |
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GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands |
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome |
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors |
Gardner's Syndrome |
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"Apple core" lesions on barium enema |
Colon cancer |
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Most common site of colonic diverticula |
Sigmoid colon |
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"string sign" on contrast X-ray |
Crohn's disease |
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"Lead pipe" appearance on contrast x-ray |
Ulcerative Collitis |
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Painless jaundice |
Pancreatic cancer |
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Most common cause of acute pancreatitis |
Gallstones, alcohol |
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Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis |
Alcohol abuse |
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Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate |
Crigler-Najjar, Type I |
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Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia |
Gilbert Syndrome |
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Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, acites |
Budd-Chiari Syndrome |
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Green/yellow corneal deposits |
Wilson Disease |
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Low serum ceruloplasmin |
Wilson Disease |
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Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation |
Hemochromatosis |
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Chronic sinusitis, infertility, sinus inversus |
Kartagener Syndrome |
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Elevated D-dimer |
PE, DVT |
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Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood |
Virchow's Triad |
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Blue bloater |
Chronic bronchitis |
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Pink puffer |
Emphysema |
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Curshmann spirals |
Asthma |
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Bilateral hilar LAD, uveitis |
Sarcoidosis |
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Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis |
Goodpasture, Wegeners |
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Anti-glomerular BM antibodies |
Goodpasture Syndrome |
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Honeycomb lung on X-ray |
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
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"Tennis racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles |
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Birbeck granules) |
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Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum |
Absestosis (Ferruginous bodies) |
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Lung cancer associated with SIADH |
Small Cell Carcinoma |
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Tumor associated with Horner Syndrome |
Pancoast tumor |
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Lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia |
Squamous cell carcioma |
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Lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome |
Small Cell Carcinoma |
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Lung cancer associated with weakness |
Small Cell Carcinoma |
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Substances associated with lung cancer |
Smoke, radon, asbestos, silica |
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Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, & persistent fever occuring several weeks after an MI |
Dressler Syndrome |
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Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails |
Infective endocarditis |
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Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers |
Roth spots (infective endocarditis) |
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Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis |
Mitral valve |
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Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis |
Tricuspid valve |
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Granulomatous nodules in the heart |
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease) |
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Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults |
Left atrial myxoma |
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Most common primary cardiac tumor in children |
Rhabdomyxoma |
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Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis |
US: SLE developing countries: TB |
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c-ANCA |
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis |
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p-ANCA |
microscopic polyangiitis |
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Treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans |
smoking cessation |
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Treatment for giant cell arteritis |
Corticosteroids |
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"Currant jelly" sputum |
Klebsiella Pneumoniae |
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Osteomyelitis in a patient with SSD |
Salmonella |
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"Strawberry cervix" |
Trichomonas vaginalis |
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Clue cells |
Gardenerella vaginalis |
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Bacteria with "School of fish" appearance |
Heaemophilus ducreyi |
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A boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout |
Lesch-Nyhan |
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Orotic acid in the urine + elevated serum ammonia |
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency |
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Orotic acid in the urine + NORMAL serum ammonia |
Orotic aciduria |
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Megaloblastic anemia that doesn't improve with folate or B12 |
Orotic aciduria |
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Most common medication for ADHD |
Methylphenidate |
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Most common class of medication for bulimia nervosa |
SSRIs |
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Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawl |
BZDs |
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Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse |
Alcoholic Anonymous |
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Atrophy of the mamillary bodies |
Wernicke encephalopathy |
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OD with pinpoint puils |
Opiates |
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OD with vertical and horizontal nystagmus |
PCP |
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Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
Dantrolene |
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Treatment for central DI |
Desmopressin |
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Treatment for nephrogenic DI |
HCTZ, indomethacin, +/- amiloride |
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Treatment for Lithium-induced nephrogenic DI |
Amiloride |
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Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae |
Burton's lines (Lead poisoning) |
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Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia |
Vitamin D |
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Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin |
Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency) |
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Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance |
Sheehan syndrome |
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Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopia |
Pituitary adenoma |
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4 Most common causes of Cushing syndrome |
1. Iatrogenic 2. Cushing disease 3. Ectopic ACTH 4. Adrenal adenoma |
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Most common tumor of adrenal |
Benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma |
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Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) |
Pheochromocytoma |
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Most common tumor of adrenal medulla (kids) |
Neuroblastoma |
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Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism |
Adrenal adenoma |
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Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism |
Spironolactone, Eplerenone |
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Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma |
Nonselective α blocker |
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Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism |
MEN2A |
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Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas |
MEN2B |
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Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation |
Addison's disease |
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HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis |
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome) |
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Most common thyroid cancer |
Papillary thyroid carcinoma |
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Cold intolerance |
Hypothyroidism |
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass appearance |
Papillary thyroid carcinoma |
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Standard treatment for DKA |
IV fluids, IV insulin, potassium |
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Standard treatment for T1D |
Insulin |
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Standard treatment for T2D |
Low-carb diet, weight loss Metformin |
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Most common cause of hypercalcemia |
Primary hyperparathyroidism |
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Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism |
Parathyroid adenoma |
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Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism |
Chronic renal failure |
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Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism |
Accidental parathyroidectomy |
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Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek |
Cvostek sign |
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Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors |
MEN1 |
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Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation |
Heparin/LMWH |
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Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation |
Warfarin |
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Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy |
Heparin/LMWH |
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Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia |
Iron deficiency β thalassemia lead poisoning |
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Hypersegmented neutrophils |
Megaloblastic anemia: B12 folate deficiency |
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Skull x-ray shows a "hair on end" appearance |
Extramedullary hematopoeisis: β thalassemia SSD |
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs |
Lead poisoning |
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Painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia |
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs |
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs |
Howell-Jolly Bodies (asplenia) |
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Autosplenectomy |
Sickle Cell disease |
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Drug used to treat SSD |
Hydroxyurea (more HbF) |
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Antiplatelet antibodies |
ITP |
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Bleeding disorder with gp1b deficiency |
Bernard-Soulier disease |
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Most common inherited bleeding disorder |
von Willebrand Disease |
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Cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever |
Hodgkin Lymphoma |
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Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a "starry sky" appearance |
Burkitt Lymphoma |
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Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye" inclusions |
Hodgkin Lymphoma |
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"Smudge" cells |
CLL |
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"Punched-out" lytic bone lesions |
Multiple Myeloma |
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RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins |
Rouleaux formation |
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Monoclonal antibody spike |
Multiple Myeloma MGUS Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia |
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Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts |
Auer Rods |
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Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient |
Kaposki Sarcoma (HHV8) |
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Temporal lobe encephalitis |
HSV1 |
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"Owl's eye" inclusions in organ tissue |
CMV |
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Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets |
Type A Cowdry Bodies (HSV) |
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Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient |
Parvovirus B19 |
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Child with fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to the body |
Parvovirus B19 |
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Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash |
Measles |
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Small, irregular, blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red |
Koplik's spots (measles) |
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Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient |
Kaposki Sarcoma (HHV8) |
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Treatment for CMV |
Gancyclovir |
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Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients |
Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP) pneumonia |
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Drug used to prevent PCP pneumonia |
TMP-SMX |
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Treatment for oral candidiasis |
Nystatin, fluconazole |
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Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients |
Fluconazole |
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Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients |
TMP-SMX |
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Treatment for systemic candidiasis |
Immunocompetent: Fluconazle Immunocompromised: Amphoteracin B, echinocandin |
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Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii |
1st line: itraconazle historically: potassium iodide |
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Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient |
Toxoplasma gondii |
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Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis |
Metronidazole |
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Most common protozoal diarrhea |
Giardia Lamblia |
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Strawberry tongue |
Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease |
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Stawberry epiglottis |
H. influenza |
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Resting tremor, rigidity |
Parkinson's |
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Rash on the palms and soles |
Kawasaki disease Coxackie A RMSF Secondary Syphilis |
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Most common helminth infection in the US |
Enterobius vermicularis |
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Second most common helminth infection in the US |
Ascaris lumbricoides |
