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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Advatages of Lab Experiments
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*Control- effects of confounding variables are minimised
*Replication- strict controls mean repeating the study is possible *Casual Relationships- Able to determine if one variable causes change in another |
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Disadvantage of Lab Experiments
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*Artifical- Lack Eco-Val
*Demand charecteristics- Participants may respond according to what they think is being investigated, bias results *Ethics- Deception often used, informed consent difficult |
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Advantage of Field Experiment
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*Casual Relationships- Can measure C.R. by manipulating key variable, difficult in field exp.
*Eco-Val- Relate to real life *Demand Charectoristics- Can be avoided if participants do not know they are in a study |
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Disadvantage of Field Experiment
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*Less control- Confounding variables more likely in natural environment
*Ethics- Participants who did not wish to take part in the study may experience distress, and often can't be debriefed. Observation must respect privacy |
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Advanatges of Natural Experiments
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*Ethical- Possible to study variables that would be unethical to manipulate
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Disadvantages of Natural Experiments
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*Participant Allocation- Can't randomly allocate participants to condition, so confounding variables may affect results. With no control over variables, cannot say what caused what
*Rare events- Some groups of interest are hard to find *Ethics- Deception often used, informed consent difficult. Confidentiality may be comprimised if community is identifiable |
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Advatages of Naturalistic Observation
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*Eco-Val- Behaviour is natural, no demand charectoristics as participant unaware of observation
*Theory developement- Useful way of developing ideas about behaviour that can be tested later in more rigid conditions |
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Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation
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*Extraneous Variables- Cannot control variables that may affect behaviour
*Observer bias- Observers' expectation may affect what they focus on and record. Result reliability may be an issue *Ethics- Observations should only be conducted where people might expect to be watched. Debriefing is difficult, privacy must be respected and informed consent can be tricky |
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Advantages of Correlational Research
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*Casual Relationships- Can be ruled out if no correlation exists
*Ethics- Can study variables that would be unethical to manipulate |
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Disadvantage of Correlational Research
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*Casual Relationships- Cannot be assumed from a correlation which may be caused by third, unknown party
*Ethics- Misinterpretation can be an issue. Sometimes the media and researchers infer causality from a correlation |
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Advantage and Disadvantages of questionnaires
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Ad- Practical- Can collect large amount of data quickly and cheaply
Dis- Bad Questions- Leading or unclear questions Biased Samples- Some people are just more likely to respond to a questionnaire, can make a sample unrepresentative *Self Report- Social Desirability bias, results can be unreliable *Ethics- Confidentiality can be a problem, especially around sensitive issues |
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Advantages of Interviews
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*Rich Data- Can get detailed info, fewer constraints than with questionn. Unstructured interviews provide richer info that structured
*Pilot Study- Interviews useful way to get info before a study |
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Disadvantages of Inverviews
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*Self Report- Can be unreliable and affected by Social Desirablity Bias
*Impractical- Time consuming and required skilled researchers *Ethics- Confidentiality can be a problem |
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Advantage of Case Studies
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*Rich Data- Oppourtunity to study rare phenomena in great detail
*Unique Cases- Can challenge existing ideas and theories, and suggest ideas for future research |
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Disadvantage of Case Studies
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Casual Relationships- Researcher has small control over variables
*Generalisation- Using just one case makes generalising results very difficult *Ethics- Informed consent can be difficult to obtain if the subject has a rare disorder |
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What are Hypotheses?
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*Theories tested by research
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Define Research Hypothesis
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*Proposed at the begining of research
*Usually generated from a theory |
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Define Null Hypothesis
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*What you are going to assume is true during study
*Data collected will either back up or shoot down this assumptio *If data does not support the null, it is rejected and we go with the alternative hyp. |
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Define Experimental Hypothesis (Alternative Hypothesis)
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*If data has forced you to reject the null, take the alternate
*If the null was that variables are not linked, the alternate is that they are |
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Define Directional Hypothesis
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*Directional may predict which group will do better- with and without
*If the hypo states which group will do better, it's a directional prediction *Often used when previous research suggests which way results will go |
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Define Non-Directional Hypothesis
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*Would predict a difference, but would not state which group would do better
*Can be used when there is little previous, or inconclusive research into that area |
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What is a variable?
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*A quantity whose value can change
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Independant Variable
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*Directly manipulated by the researcher
*Exam guides- whether it was used, is the independant variable, directly under the control of researcher |
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The Dependant Variable is only affected Indirectly
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*DV is variable you think is affected by changes in the IV (DV dependant on IV)
*DV is the exam grade, dependant on whether revision guide was used |
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Define an Extraneous Variable
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*Any variable other than IV that could affect what is being measured
*If EV is influencing the DV they are called confounding variables |