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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS |
Gas exchange
Vocalization Sense of smell Helps regulate blood pH Other — Sneezing — Coughing — Abdominal compressions |
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PARANASAL SINUSES
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— Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
— Open into nasal cavity — Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and perform same functions — Also lighten the skull — Can get infected: sinusitis |
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NASAL CAVITY Functions
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Prepares air
— Warms — Filters — Moistens Olfactory senses Resonance chamber for speech |
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PHARYNX
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= “throat”
Common passageway for food and air 3 parts — Nasopharynx — Oropharynx — Laryngopharynx — LARYNX |
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EPIGLOTTIS
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Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
Attaches to back of tongue During swallowing, keeps food out of lower respiratory tract |
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VOCAL CORDS
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Sound is produced by vibrating vocal folds as air passes over them
Pitch = tension on vocal folds Loudness = amount of air |
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TRACHEA
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= “windpipe”
12.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide 15–20 C- shaped hyaline cartilage rings hold it open Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium TRACHEOTOMY |
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BRONCHIAL TREE
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Trachea
— Right and left primary bronchi — Secondary bronchi — Tertiary bronchi — Intralobular bronchioles — Tertiary bronchioles — Respiratory bronchioles — Alveolar ducts — Alveolar sacs — Alveoli |
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The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
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— Contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle
— Cells also change — Larger tubes - pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells — Respiratory bronchioles – cuboidal — Alveoli – simple squamous |
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ALVEOLI
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= “air sacs”
Microscopic surface area of half a tennis court (300 million sacs) Where gas exchange occurs 3 cell types: — Type I cells — = simple squamous epithelium — Type II cells — = septal cells — secrete surfactant, reduces surface tension — Alveolar macrophages |
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LUNGS
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Soft and spongy
Located in pleural cavities within larger thoracic cavity L lung is smaller due to cardiac notch (heart) |
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Pleural cavity
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Consists of 2 layers:
— Parietal pleura = lines thoracic cavity wall — Visceral pleura = membrane adhered to surface of lung — Pleural cavity — Contains serous fluid — Reduces friction — Protection |
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LUNGS
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RESPIRATORY ZONE
End-point of respiratory tree Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called alveoli Respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts: walls consist of alveoli Ducts lead into terminal clusters called alveolar sacs – are microscopic chambers There are 3 million alveoli! |
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ATMOSPHERIC GASES
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The air in the atmosphere that surrounds the earth is a mixture of gases:
Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen – 21% CO2 Water vapor (H2O) Inert gases (Ar, Ne, Ze, Kr) Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure |
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RESPIRATION INCLUDES
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Pulmonary ventilation
— Air moves in and out of lungs — Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs) |
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External respiration
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— Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
— O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood — CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air |
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Transport of respiratory gases
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— Between the lungs and the cells of the body
— Performed by the cardiovascular system — Blood is the transporting fluid |
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Internal respiration
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— Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
— O2 in blood diffuses into tissues — CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood |
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RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
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Diaphragm:
Contraction draws air into lungs 75% of normal air movement External intercostals muscles: Assist inhalation 25% of normal air movement Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs: Sternocleidomastoid Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor |
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RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
BOYLE’s LAW INHALATION Active process |
Gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
— Diaphragm contracts downward and lungs expand — Lung volume increases, pressure decreases — Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in (equilibrium) |
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EXHALATION
Passive process |
Gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
— Diaphragm and muscles relax — Volume in lungs decreases, pressure increases — Lung pressure is higher inside than outside, so air moves in (equilibrium) — GAS EXCHANGE |
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GAS EXCHANGE
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Gases are exchanged between alveolar
air and capillary blood because of differences in partial pressure |
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GAS TRANSPORT
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Carbon dioxide
— 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved in plasma — 23% bound to hemoglobin — 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma Oxygen — 99% bound to hemoglobin — Oxyhemoglobin — 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma |
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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
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Measured with a spirometer
Values are used to help with — Diagnosis of respiratory diseases/disorders — Asthma — Lung cancer — Emphysema — Evaluating treatments/medications — Athletic training |
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RESPIRATORY REGULATION
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The most important factor affecting the rhythmicity center is CO2
Neurons in the medulla oblongata forms the rhythmicity center: — Controls automatic breathing Brain stem respiratory centers: — Medulla — Pons in arterial CO2 causes in acidity of CSF in CSF acidity is detected by pH sensors in medulla medulla rate and depth of breathing (stimulates muscles) |
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BLOOD BUFFER SYSTEM
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CO2 + HOH <===> H2CO3 <===> H+ + HCO3-
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS |
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RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
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Acidosis = pH below 7.35
Reduced CO2 elimination Causes: — Lung disease such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, severe pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and asthma) — Sleep-disordered breathing — Slowed breathing due to over sedation (narcotics) or strong drugs that induce sleep (sedatives) Symptoms: — Nausea — Headache and Drowsiness — Stupor and coma — Death |
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— RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
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Increased CO2 elimination
pH exceeds 7.45 Caused by: — Hyperventilation due to anxiety, pain, shock — Drugs (aspirin) — Pneumonia, pulmonary (lung) congestion, or embolism — Exercise, fever Symptoms: — May cause irritability — Muscle twitching — Muscle cramps — If severe and prolonged, tetany and spasms of muscles can develop |