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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Waves
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Propagate energy and momentum across space time
Oscillate back and forth across equilibrium position |
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Amplitude
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Distance of maximum displacement from equilibrium
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Wavelength
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Distance between two similar wave structures
ex. Crest to crest, trough to trough |
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Period
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Time it takes to complete one full cycle
AKA time to complete one wavelength (in seconds) |
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Frequency
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Inverse of period
Number of cycles completed in one second Hertz = 1/second |
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Transverse waves
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Oscillation is perpendicular to wave propagation
Only occur in solids |
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Examples of transverse waves
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Seismic waves
Ripples in a pond |
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Longitudinal waves
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Oscillation is parallel to propagation
Areas of compression and rarefaction Can occur in solids, liquids, gases |
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Wavelength (of longitudinal waves)
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From one compression to another compression
OR From one rarefaction to another |
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Examples of longitudinal waves
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Seismic waves
Sound waves |
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Standing waves
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Occur in fixed medium
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Fundamental
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Amplitude is twice distance of medium
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Second harmonic
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"1st excited state"
Amplitude is distance of medium |
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Third harmonic
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"2nd excited state"
Amplitude is 2/3 distance of medium |
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Fourth harmonic
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"3rd excited state"
Amplitude is 1/2 distance of medium |
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Interference
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What occurs when to wave forms meet and interact
two kinds |
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Constructive
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Two similar wave structures meet
Either crest to crest, or trough to trough Amplitudes added |
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Destructive
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Opposite wave structures meet
Crest to trough Amplitudes subtracted |
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Beats
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Special kind of wave interference when waves of different frequencies meet. areas of constructive interference, and areas of destructive interference
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Doppler effect
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Perception effect of waves - as you get farther from wave source, frequency appears differently
Police use in radar guns |
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Diffraction
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When a wave meets a barrier or obstacle
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Seismic waves
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What happens during Earthquakes, 2 kinds
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S-Wave
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Transverse wave in Earth
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P-wave
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Longitudinal wave in Earth
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Sound waves
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Type of longitudinal wave
Can travel in solids, liquids, and gases |
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Intensity
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Related to amplitude of sound wave
How compressed or rarefacted the wave is |
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Pitch
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Related to frequency of sound wave
How fast the wave is going Sound travels fastest through solids |
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J.J. Thompson
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Determined electrons are negatively charged through cathode ray experiment
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Electric charge
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Positives and negatives
Opposite charges attract Like charges repel |
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Electrostatic charge
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Charges are stationary
still have forces between them |
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Charging mechanisms
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Ways to charge objects
3 ways |
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Friction
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Adds or takes away charges from objects
Ex. rub socks on carpet |
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Contact
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Releasing accumulated charges onto an object
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Polarization
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When a charged object interacts with a neutral object
Charges in neutral object will redistribute |
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Conductors
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Materials in which charge can easily flow
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Insulators
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Materials in which charge is not free to move
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Semiconductors
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Usually mixtures of different materials and charges can flow, but not easily
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Torsion balance
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Device used to measure tiny sources between charges
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Coulomb's law
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Created by Coulomb to study interaction between charges
Coulomb force can be attractive or repulsive |
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Universal gravitation
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Similar to Coulomb Law
Pair-wise interaction Gravity always attracts |
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4 steps to solving Coulomb interaction problems
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1. Find the distance ratio
2. Square it 3. Does force increase or decrease 4. Multiply or divide original force by your # in step 2 |
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Coulomb constant
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6.24 x 10^18
# of electrons or protons in one coulomb |
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Fundamental charge
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1.602 x 10^-19
amount of charge on one proton or electron |
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Electric field
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An abstraction
measured "forces" that would be around an isolated charge |
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Source charge
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Charge you are studying
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Test charge
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Positive charge
Looking at the interaction between that positive charge and the source charge |
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Periodic table
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List of all elements
In pattern based on their properties |
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Atomic number
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Smaller # usually
Tells you # of protons in an atom of that element Also gives you # of electrons in NEUTRAL form of that element |
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Atomic weight
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larger # usually
Number of protons and neutrons Atomic weight - atomic # = neutrons |
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Isotope
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Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
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Ion
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Atoms of the same element that have a different number of electrons
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Half life
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Amount of time for exactly half of a sample to decay
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