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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neuroectoderm is produced from ____ by induction from the ___, a mesodermally derived structure that will eventually form the vertebral column.
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ectoderm
notochord |
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The neural plate is induced to form by the expression of the _______ gene in the mesoderm and notochord that produces what protein?
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sonic hedgehog
SHH protein. (The protein induces the differentiation of neuroectoderm and is responsible for the development of ventral neural tube structures. ) |
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_______ occurs in the future rostral areas of of the neural plate. This process will give rise to the brain and spinal cord through lumbar levels.
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Primary neurulation
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Primary neurulation gives rise to what?
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brain and spinal cord through the lumbar levels
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_______ occurs at the future caudal end of the neural plate and will give rise to sacral and coccygeal levels of the spinal cord.
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Secondary neurulation
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The synthesis of microtubules is inhibited by ____, and the contraction of microfilaments is inhibited by ___
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chochicine
cytochalasin |
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Secondary neurulation arises from a cell mass called the ___.
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caudal eminence
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The open ends of the neural tube are called ____. The anterior one is located in what will become the ____. The posterior will become the ____.
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neuropores
lamina terminalis mid lumbar spinal cord |
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The neuroblasts will form the_____ , while the neuroepithelial cells form the ________
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mantle zone
ventricular zone |
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_______ expression appears important in the development of dorsal patterning
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Bone morphogenic protein
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The guidance of growing peripheral neurons to their targets appears to be regulated by pathways of extracellular matrix molecules such as ______ and receptors on neuronal processes called ____
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fibronectin, laminin
integrins |
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After the anterior neuropore closes, (4th week) there is rapid growth of tissue in the cranial region, initially forming three primary brain vesicles:
Prosencephalon (forming the ______) Mesencephalon (forming the _____) Rhombencephalon (forming the _____) |
forebrain
midbrain hindbrain |
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The rhombencephalon divides at the pontine flexure to form the _____ caudally and the ______ rostrally.
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myelencephalon
metencephalon |
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The prosencephalon is divided by the telencephalic flexure to form the _____ rostrally and the _____ caudally.
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telencephalon
diencephalon *This is called prosencephalization |
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____ is composed of the 2 cerebral hemispheres, the preoptic area and most of the basal ganglia
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Telencephalon
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The pons and cerebellum is formed from the _____
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Metencephalon
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The medulla is formed from the _____
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myelencephalon
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The brainstem develops from the _______(medulla),_____ (pons) and _____ (midbrain).
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myelencephalon
metencephalon mesencephalon |
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In general, motor related nuclei of the brainstem are located ______and sensory related nuclei are ______
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medial and ventral
dorsal and lateral. |
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The cerebellum develops from the dorsolateral parts of the ___ ___ that bend medially to form the _____. These join to form the _____
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alar plates
rhombic lips cerebellar plate |
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The _____forms the optic nerve and retina
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optic cup
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The Olfactory bulb and tract, Basal Ganglia, Amygdala, Hippocampus are derivatives of what?
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Telencephalic vesicle
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The cavities of the ____vesicles become the lateral ventricles, the _____ cavity the third ventricle, the _____ cavity the cerebral aqueduct, and the ______ cavity the fourth ventricle.
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telencephalic
diencephalic mesencephalic rhombencephalic |
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Cerebral cortex develops from the an area of the neural tube called the ______.
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pallium
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____ is The number of neurons produced during embryogenesis
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neuronal density
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The nervous system is derived from ____ induced by the _____.
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neuroectoderm
notochord |
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A neural plate is formed by what time?
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the third week of gestation
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The major commissures develop with the ____ initially in the area of the _____
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telencephalon
lamina terminalis |
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What are the three important processes of perinatal and early postnatal development?
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changes in neuronal density, neural process outgrowth with myelination, and syaptogenesis and plasticity.
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Dysraphic defects are associated with a failure of ____
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neurulation (neural tube and neural pore.
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The incidence of dysraphic effects can be reduced by nutritional supplementation with ____
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folic acid
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Arnold-Chairi Malformation ...
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is the herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen Magnum as a result of dysraphic defects, typically cystic defects.
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______ occurs from a defect in proencephalization. This may occur as____ or _____forms.
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Holoprosencephaly
alobar or semilobar |
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Dandy- Walker malformation is a congenital _________, usually with aplasia of the cerebellar vermis.
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cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle
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