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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
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1. Skin
2. Dense Connective Tissue 3. Epicranial Aponeurosis 4. Loose connective Tissue 5. Pericranium (external layer of periosteum) |
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What 3 layers make up the scalp proper?
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1. Skin
2. Dense Connective Tissue 3. Epicranial Aponeurosis |
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What layers of the scalp are clinically considered one layer since they reflect together when part of the scalp is torn off or during a craniotomy?
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Same as the scalp proper:
1. Skin 2. Dense Connective Tissue 3. Epicranial Aponeurosis |
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What are the contents and significance of the tough dense connective tissue layer of the scalp?
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The dense connective tissue layer:
1. Binds skin to the epicranial aponeurosis 2. Ensheaths most of the blood vessels 3. Contains the nerves supplying the scalp |
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What does the epicranial aponeurosis have attached to its anterior and posterior ends?
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The epicranial aponeurosis has flat skeletal muscles attached to its anterior and posterior ends (frontalis and occipitalis muscles, together comprising the occipitofrontalis muscle)
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What muscle comprises the anterior portion of the occipitofrontalis?
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Frontal belly=frontalis muscle
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What muscle comprises the posterior portion of the occipitofrontalis?
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Occipital belly=occipitalis muscle
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What is the function of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
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It moves the scalp forward and backward.
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What muscles move the auricle?
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The auricular muscles.
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All the muscles of the scalp are derived from what embryonic tissue?
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The scalp muscles are all derived from the same embryonic tissue that gave rise to the muscles of facial expression (from 2nd pharyngeal arch).
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Why do scalp wounds bleed so profusely?
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When the aponeurosis is cut, the occipitofrontalis holds the wound open-lacerated arteries can't retract.
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What tissue layer allows for movement of the scalp proper on the calvaria?
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The loose connective tissue allows movement of the scalp proper on the calvaria.
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Significance of the loose connective tissue of the scalp?
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The loose connective tissue:
1. Allows movement of the scalp proper on the calvaria 2. Can fill with fluid from injury or infection |
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Arterial supply to the anterior parts of the scalp?
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1. SUPRAORBITAL artery
2. SUPRATROCHLEAR artery Both the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries are branches of the OPTHALMIC artery, which itself is a branch of the INTERNAL CAROTID artery. |
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The skin of the scalp is highly vascularized from vessels that branched off of...
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The EXTERNAL CAROTID artery
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The highly vascularized skin of the scalp is supplied by what branches?
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1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL branch
2. POSTERIOR AURICULAR branch 3. OCCIPITAL branch *All 3 are branches off of the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery. |
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What connects the superficial veins (named the same as the arteries) of the scalp into the cranial cavity?
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Emissary vv
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What do emissary vv drain into?
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Emissary vv connect into the dural venous sinuses.
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What do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
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Dural venous sinuses drain into the INTERNAL JUGULAR vv.
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What is the clinical relevance pertaining to connections of superficial veins to emissary veins?
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These vessels can act as possible routes to transmit infections into the brain.
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The skin of the scalp is highly sensitive. What nn are responsible for cutaneous innervation?
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1. SUPRAORBITAL (V1), SUPRATROCHLEAR (V1, ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL (V2), & AURICULOTEMPORAL (V3) nerves.
2. Cervical plexus nerves: LESSER OCCIPITAL & GREATER AURICULAR (both C2,3) from cervical anterior rami. 3. Posterior rami cutaneous branches of C2 (GREATER OCCIPITAL) and C3 (THIRD OCCIPITAL). *Sensory nerves of the posterior trunk/body are derived from dorsal rami of spinal nerves. |
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What innervates the facial muscles of the scalp (occipitofrontalis and auricular muscles)?
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The occipitofrontalis and auricular muscles are supplied by the TEMPORAL and POSTERIOR AURICULAR branches of CN VII.
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Where are the lymph nodes of the scalp located?
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THERE ARE NO LYMPH NODES IN THE SCALP. Lymph drains into nodes at the head/neck junction.
*Most of the scalp drains into PAROTID, MASTOID, and OCCIPITAL nodes, then into DEEP CERVICAL lymph nodes along the internal jugular vein. |
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What are the meninges?
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The meninges are the coverings of the CNS.
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What do the cranial meninges cover?
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In the cranial cavity, the cranial meninges cover the brain and brainstem.
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What is the cranial dura mater firmly attached to?
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The cranial dura mater is firmly attached to the bones of the cranial vaults.
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What are the function of the meninges?
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Functions of the meninges include:
1. Protection 2. Scaffolding for blood vessels 3. Formation of venous sinuses 4. Formation of the subarachnoid space (where CSF flows) |
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What are the meningeal layers (superficial to deep)?
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1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater |
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Tough outer fibrous meningeal layer?
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Dura mater
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Middle thin meningeal layer?
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Arachnoid mater
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Delicate inner meningeal layer?
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Pia mater
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Where is the subarachnoid space located?
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The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
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What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
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1. Periosteal (=endosteal)
2. Meningeal |
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What layer of the dura mater lies adjacent to the skull?
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The periosteal layer is the periosteum of the skull bones.
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What layer of the dura mater reflects away from the periosteal layer and forms partitions that separate the cranial cavity into compartments?
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The meningeal layer of the dura mater forms partitions that separate the cranial cavity into compartments.
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Partition that separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
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The FALX CEREBRI lies between the two cerebral hemispheres.
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Where does the falx cerebri attach?
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The falx cerebri attaches from the crista galli to the internal occipital protuberance.
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Partition that separates the cerebellar hemispheres?
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The FALX CEREBELLI lies in the PCF and separates the cerebellar hemispheres.
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Partition that separates the PCF from the middle CF and forms a roof over the cerebellar hemispheres?
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The TENTORIUM CEREBELLI separates the PCF from the middle CF and forms a roof over the cerebellar hemispheres.
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What does the tentorium cerebelli attach to?
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The tentorium cerebelli attaches to the clinoid process, temporal bone (petrous ridge), and the occipital bone.
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What is the large anteromedial gap in the tentorium cerebelli called (allows for passage of the brainstem)?
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TENTORIAL NOTCH
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Fold of meningeal dura that forms a roof over the pituitary gland sitting in the sella turcica?
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DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE
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What are the endothelial lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers that drain blood from the surface of the cerebrum called?
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DURAL SINUSES
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What is often present on the skull above dural venous sinuses?
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Indentations of the sinuses on the skull itself ("groove for ____ sinus")
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What vessels drain blood from the brain into dural sinuses?
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CEREBRAL VEINS drain blood from the brain into the dural sinuses.
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Superficial veins of the scalp communicate with dural sinuses via what?
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Superficial veins of the scalp communicate with dural sinuses via VALVELESS EMISSARY VEINS that drain into diploic veins (course across the flat cranial bones).
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Compression of the abdomen, thorax, or pelvis may reverse blood flow in what vessels?
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VALVELESS EMISSARY VEINS-potential for spreading infections.
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Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to?
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The sinuses drain toward the JUGULAR FORAMEN, where the internal jugular vein begins.
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Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
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Superior margin of the falx cerebri.
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Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?
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Inferior margin of falx cerebri.
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Where is the straight sinus located?
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Superior margin of tentorium at attachment of falx cerebri; end posteriorly in the confluence of sinuses.
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Where is the confluence of sinuses located?
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Where straight, superior sagittal, and inferior sagittal sinuses converge.
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Where is the transverse sinus located?
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Runs anteriorly along the occipital bone.
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Where is the sigmoid sinus located?
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In PCF on temporal and occipital bones; continues inferiorly into internal jugular vein.
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Where is the occipital sinus located?
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Located in falx cerebelli; connects to internal vertebral plexus and confluence of sinuses.
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Where is the cavernous sinus located?
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Located on either side of sella turcica; connects to superficial veins via opthalmic veins.
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Where is the superior petrosal sinus located?
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Along margin of petrous part of temporal bone; joins with the transverse sinus to form the sigmoid sinus.
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Where is the inferior petrosal sinus located?
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Drains cavernous sinus into internal jugular vein; also connects to basilar plexus and therefore the internal vertebral plexus.
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What does the basilar plexus connect?
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The basilar plexus connects the INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES with the INTERNAL VERTEBRAL PLEXUS.
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What connects the inferior petrosal sinuses with the internal vertebral vertebral plexus?
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BASILAR PLEXUS
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What do the superior and inferior opthalmic veins, superficial middle cerebral vein, emissary veins, and sphenoparietal sinus drain into?
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CAVERNOUS SINUS, then, via the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, into the basilar and pterygoid plexuses.
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Blood from the medial angle of the eye, nose, and lips usually drains via what vein?
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FACIAL VEIN, however, could flow through the opthalmic vein.
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What are arachnoid granulations?
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Arachnoid granulations are projections of the arachnoid mater in the superior sagittal sinus.
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What is the function of arachnoid granulations?
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Arachnoid granulations are involved in the movement of CSF back into circulation.
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The two cavernous sinuses are connected across the midline by what?
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INTERCAVERNOUS SINUSES
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Where do intercavernous sinuses pass through?
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Intercavernous sinuses pass through the HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA, and beneath the DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE, one anterior and one posterior to the hypophysis.
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What arteries pass through the cavernous sinuses?
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INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES pass through the sinuses.
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What is odd regarding blood in the cavernous sinuses?
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Venous blood is surrounding arterial blood in the cavernous sinuses.
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The dura is highly vascularized; what is the principal artery supplying it?
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MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY
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Tearing of the middle meningeal artery leads to what serious condition?
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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What two spaces are created only in pathological conditions (like hematomas)?
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1. Epidural hematoma
2. Subdural hematoma |
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What innervates the dura?
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The dura is supplied by:
1. Branches of ALL THREE DIVISIONS OF TRIGEMINAL (V1 from tentorium cerebelli, V2 and V3 from ACF and MCF) 2. Branches from the UPPER CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES 3. VAGUS (from the PCF) |
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Referred pain from the dura can cause what?
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Headaches
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What are the two pairs of arteries supplying the brain itself?
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1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES
2. VERTEBRAL ARTERIES |
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Where does the ICA enter the cranium?
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The ICA enters the cranium via the CAROTID CANAL near the midline.
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Where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranium?
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The vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
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What do the vertebral arteries unite to form?
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The two vertebral arteries unite to form a single BASILAR ARTERY, which runs along the clivus.
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What vessels comprise the circle of Willis?
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Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, the basilar artery, and the internal carotid arteries.
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What is the cranial cavity formed by and what is its function?
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The cranial cavity is formed by the NEUROCRANIUM and houses and protects components of the CNS. (Box around the brain)
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What bones comprise the neurocranium?
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The neurocranium is formed by:
1. Frontal bone 2. Sphenoid bone 3. Ethmoid bone 4. Occipital bone 5. Parietal bones 6. Temporal bones |
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The cranial cavity is comprised of how many distinct cranial fossae?
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Three: ACF, MCF, & PCF
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What bones form the ACF?
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The ACF is formed by the FRONTAL BONE, CRIBRIFORM PLATES of the ETHMOID BONE, and the LESSER WINGS of the SPHENOID BONE (majority of the ACF formed by the orbital plates of the frontal bone (roof of the orbit))
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What portion of the brain is found in the ACF?
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FRONTAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM
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In the ACF, what do axons of CN I pass through?
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CN I axons pass through the sieve-like cribriform plate (Cribriform plate fracture may result in anosmia).
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Location of ACF relative to orbits and nasal cavity?
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The ACF is a shelf lying SUPERIOR to the orbits and nasal cavity.
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What is the MCF formed by?
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The MCF is formed by the GREATER WINGS and body of the SPHENOID, and the PETROUS and SQUAMOUS PARTS of the TEMPORAL bone.
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What part of the brain occupies most of the MCF?
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The TEMPORAL LOBE of the cerebrum occupies most of the MCF in the lateral portions between the greater wing of the sphenoid and petrous part of the temporal bone.
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At the anterior boundary of the MCF is a distinct midline bony structure called what?
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SELLA TURCICA
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What is the sella turcica bounded by?
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The sella turcica is bounded by the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES.
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What are the three parts of the sella turcica?
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1. Tuberculum sellae
2. Hypophysial fossa 3. Dorsum sellae |
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What resides in the sella turcica?
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The HYPOPHYSIS (pituitary gland) resides in the sella turcica.
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What is the largest and deepest cranial fossa?
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The PCF is the largest and deepest fossa containing the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
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What parts of the brain are located in the PCF?
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CEREBELLUM
PONS MEDULLA |
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What bone forms most of the PCF?
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The OCCIPITAL bone forms most of the PCF, with minor contributions from the TEMPORAL and PARIETAL bones.
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What separates the PCF from the hypophyseal fossa?
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The DORSUM SELLAE separates the PCF from the hypophyseal fossa.
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Where are cerebellar hemispheres with respect to the PCF?
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Cerebellar hemispheres are in the POSTERIOR PORTION of the PCF (separated by the internal occipital crest).
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What separates the cerebellar hemispheres in the PCF?
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INTERNAL OCCIPITAL CREST
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Where is the clivus in the PCF?
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The clivus slides down from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum.
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