Science 10 Exam

Relating to non-living parts of an environment such as sunlight, soil, moisture, and temperature.

The rate at which an object changes its velocity.

Acceleration due to gravity in the absence of air resistance; the value of acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the Earths approximately 9.8 m/s2 downward.

Compounds containing Hydrogen that produce a solution with a pH of less than 7 when they dissolve in water and that produce a salt and water when they react with ionic compounds containing Hydroxide ions.

The development of a number of a new species from a common ancestor; the new species are adapted to inhabit different niches.

A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout its length.

A friction-like force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air.

The amount of radiation Reflected by a surface.

One kind of organic compound that contains C,H, and O, such as methanol and ethanol.

A very reactive metal found in Group 1 of the periodic table.

The process in which an alpha particle is emitted from a nucleus.

A Positivity charged atomic particle that is much more massive than either a Beta particle or gamma radiation and is relativity slow moving; has same combustion of particles as the nucleus of a helium atom. (4/2 He)

The angle between a ray reaching a surface and a line perpendicular to that surface.

Negative ions.

A partly molten layer in Earth's upper mantle just below the lithosphere.

The pressure exerted by the mass of air above any point on Earth's surface; also called air pressure.

The smallest particle of any element that retains the properties of the element.

The number of protons in the nucleuses of an atom, which identifies the element to which the atom belongs.

Average rate at which an object changes its velocity; shown by the slop of a velocity-time graph.

The rate of change in position for a time interval.

A chemical equation that identifies each pure substance in the equation as well as shows the matching number of atoms of each element on both sides.

An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Chemical components containing hydroxide that produces a solution with a pH of more than 7 when they dissolve in water, and produce a salt and water when they react with iconic compounds containing positive hydrogen ions.

Things that an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environment.

A smooth curve or straight line that most closely fits the general shape outlines by the points on a graph; shows the trend of data.

The process in which a neutron changes into a proton, which remains in the nucleus, and an electron, which is emitted from the nucleus along with energy.

A high speed electron; emitted by a radioactive nucleus in beta decay (0/-1e or 0/-1B)

A compound that contains two non-metal elements joined together by one or more covalent bonds.

The gradual build-up of synthetic and organic chemicals in living organisms.

A region with a certain type of plant life, soil, geography, and climate.

The process in which chemicals not only accumulate but become more concentrated at each trophic lever in a food pyramid.

The largest division of the biosphere, which includes large regions with similar biotic components and similar abiotic components.

the use of organisms- usually micro-organisms or plants- to break down chemical pollutions in water or soil to reverse of lessen environmental damage.

Relating to living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

A diagram that shows the arrangement of an element's subatomic particles and the number of electrons in each shell surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

A pair of electrons involved into a covalent bond.

An acid-base indicator named after its colour change from yellow to blue over a pH range of 6.0 to 7.6.

The nutrient cycle in which carbon is moved through the biosphere.

Bodies or processes that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it

Bodies or processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

A combination of carbon and oxygen, CO3^-2

Secondary consumers that eat only meat. Often the tertiary level.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.

Large scale disasters.

Positive ions.

The process in which both plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere by converting carbohydrates and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.

An ongoing process in which one fission reaction initiates the next reaction.

Change that occurs when speed of an object changes, or its direction of motion changes, or both; calculated by subtracting the initial velocity from the final velocity.

The representation of a chemical reaction in words or symbols.

One or more chemical changes that occur at the same time.

The average conditions of the atmosphere in a large region over 30 years or more.

Changes in long-ter weather patterns in certain regions.

A graph of climate data for a region; the data are usually obtained over 30 years from local weather observation stations.

Mature communities, such as a boreal forest, tropical rain forests, grasslands, or deserts, that continue to change over time.

Numbers places in front of a chemical symbol for an element that shows the ratios between the various compounds in a chemical reaction.

The rapid reaction of a compound or element with oxygen to form an oxide and to produce heat.

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits an the other species is neither helped nor harmed.

All the population of the different species that interacts in a specific area or ecosystem.

A harmful interaction between two or more organisms that can occur when organisms compete for the same resources in the same location at the same time.

Lare, cone-shaped volcanic mountains; the cone shape is the result of repeated eruptions of ash and lava.

The amount of substance dissolved in a given volume of solution.

The transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another or within a solid by direct contact of particles.

The preservation of mass in a chemical reaction: the total mass of the product is always equal to the total mass of the reactants.

Velocity changing at a constant rate.

Organisms that eat other organisms.

The introduction of chemical, toxins, wastes, or micro-organisms into the environment in concentrations that are harmful to living things.

The theory that the continents have not always been in their present locations but have moved there over millions of years.

The transfer of thermal energy within a fluid and with the movement of fluid from one place to another.

The movement of a fluid caused by density differences.

A region where tectonic pleats are colliding.

Tectonic plates that are colliding.

A change in direction of moving air, water or objects due to Earth's rotation.

The formation of a chemical bond between atoms through the sharing of electrons.

Earth's outermost layer formed by lighter materials, such as silicon and Oxygen, floating to the top during Earth's early cooling period.

The stable product of radioactive decay.

An insecticide and well-known persistent organic pollutant, now banned in many counties.

A curved line on a graph that shows the rate at which radioisotopes decay.

Acceleration that us opposite to the direction of motion; a decrease in the speed of an object.

Organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and change them into usable nutrients available to other organisms.

In biology, the breaking down of organic wastes and dead organisms.

In chemistry, a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into two or more elements or simpler compounds.

The cleaning or logging of forests without replanting.

The process in which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere.

Bacteria that convert nitrate (NO3) back into nitrogen gas (N2)

Consumers that feed at every trophic level, obtaining their energy and nutrients by eating dead organic matter.

The straight-line distance and direction from one point to another.

A scalar quantity that describes the length of a path between two points or locations.

Regions where tectonic plates are spreading apart.

Describing a chemical reaction that usually involves two ionic solutions reacting to produce two other ionic compounds either or both of which produce a precipitate.

A somewhat reactive metal found in Group 2 o he periodic table.

The order of biotic interactions and relationships in an ecosystem: Organism, population, community, ecosystem.

A food Pyramid. There are three types of ecological pyramids: Pyramids of biomass, Pyramids of numbers, and Pyramids of energy.

Changes that take place over time in the types of organism that live in the area.

A part of a biome in which abiotic components interact with biotic components.

The flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another.

The increased capacity of the atmosphere to trap thermals energy because of an increase greenhouse effect.

The point of Earth's surface directly above the focus where an earthquake starts.

The process by which execs nutrients in aquatic ecosystems result in increased plant production and decay.

Large breaks in rock layers.

In geology, the location inside Earth where an earthquake starts.

Models that show the flow of energy from plant to animal and from animal to animal.

A model of the feeding relationships within an ecosystem; formed from interconnected food chains.

Introduced species.

The boundary between two air masses.

A process in which an isotope falls from a high energy state to a lower energy state, giving off a high energy gamma ray; the result of a redistribution of energy within the nucleus.

Rays of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation emitted form the nuclei of atoms. (0/0 y)

Computer models designed to study the complex nature of climate.

The process of mountain building in which Earth's crust folds and deeply buried rock layers rise and are exposed.

The increase in global average temperature.

The ability of a substance to warm the atmosphere by trapping thermal energy.

Attractive force between two or more masses; caused objects to be pulled toward the certre of Earth.

Gases in Earth's atmosphere that absorb and trap radiation as thermal energy.

The place in which an organism lives.

The division of habitats into smaller, isolated fragments.

The destruction of habitats that usually results from human activities.

In biology, the time it takes for a living tissue, organ, organism, or ecosystem to eliminate one half of a substance that has been introduced into it.
In physics, the time required for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay, which is a constant for any radioactive isotope.

The transfer of thermal energy from an area or abject of high thermal energy to an area or object of low thermal energy.

Primary consumers that eat plants.

Areas where molten rock rises to Earth's surface.

A measurement that described that contains only elements carbon and hydrogen.

An organic compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen.

Electrically charged hydrogen atoms (H+) can be produced when acids are dissolved in solution.

Negative ions of OH--, can be produced when bases are dissolved in solution.

Cylinders of ice drilled from thick glaciers to determine the types and amounts of gases that existed in the atmosphere when the ice was formed.

An acid-base indicator named after its colour change from blue to yellow over a pH range of 11.2 to 13.0

Heat radiation

Earth's solid centre

refers to compounds that generally do not contain carbon; the few exceptions include canon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ionic carbonates.

The amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area.

Plants, animals, or micro-organisms that are transported intentionally or by accident into regions in which they fit not exist previously.

Introduced organisms that can take over the habitats of native species or invade their bodies.

Electrically charged particles created when atoms gain or lose electrons.

The bond that forms as a result of the attraction between positively and negatively changed ions.

A compound that is composed of a positive ion and a negative ion.

Different atoms of a particular element that have the same number of protons but a different number go neutrons.

Narrow bands of fast flowing air moving west to east in the upper troposphere at bounds between old wand warm air.

Species that can greatly affect population numbers and the health of an ecosystem.

The SI unit that measures the vertical force of atmospheric pressure per unit area.

The energy of a particle or object due to its motion.

The theory that all matter is composed of particles moving constantly in random direction.

The ways in which we use land, such as for urban development, agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry.

Removal by water of substances that have dissolved in moist soil.

A diagram that illustrates chemical bonding by showing only an atom's valence electrons and its chemical symbol.

One form of radiation that is visible to humans.

The layer made up of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle and raging in thickness from 65 to 100 km.

Thin pape strips coated with litmus and used as an acid-base indicator, turned one colour when added to a base, and a different colour when added to an acid.

A pair of electrons in an atom's valence shell that is not used in bonding.

A pattern of alternating stripes of different directions of magnetic polarity in rock on the sea floor.

Earth's thickest layer, laying just below the crust and making up 70 percent of Earth's volume.

A recurring current in the mantle that occurs when hotter, less dense materials rises, cools, and then sinks again. This current is beloved to be one of the driving forces behind tectonic plate movement.

The total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom.

A compound containing a metal chemically combined with oxygen.

An acid-base indicator named after its colour changed from red to yellow over a pH range of 3.2 to 4.4.

An acid-base indicator named after its colour change from red to yellow over a pH range of 4.8 to 6.0.

The longest mountain range o Earth, running north to south down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

An adaptation in which a prey animal mimics another animal that is dangerous or tastes bad.

Describing the ability of an element to form ions in more than one way, depending on the chemical reaction it undergoes.

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit.

Plants and animals that naturally inhabit an area.

The process in which, over time, the best-adapted members of a species will survive and reproduce. This process makes change in living things possible.

The chemical reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react to form a salt and water.

The specials roles organisms play in an ecosystem, including the way in which they contribute to and fit into their environment.

The process in which ammonium (NHNH4+) is converted into nitrate (NO3-)

Soil bacteria involved in two stages of nitrification. In the first stage, certain species convert ammonium (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-); in the second stage, different species convert nitrite (NO2-) into nitrate (NO3-)

The nutrient cycle in which nitrogen is moved through the biosphere.

The process in which nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into compounds that contain nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+)

A chemical compound that contains a non-metal chemically combined with oxygen.

The electric charge on an atom's nucleus, which can be determined by counting the number of protons.

A set of symbols that indicates charges in the nuclei of atoms during a nuclear reaction.

The splitting of a massive nucleus into two less massive nuclei, subatomic particles, and energy.

A process in which two low-mass nuclei join together ti make amir massive nucleus.

The process min which an atom's nucleus changes by gaining or releasing particles or energy.

The standard atomic symbol for an isotope, including the chemical symbol, atomic number, and mass number.

The way nutrients are cycled i the biosphere; the continuous flows (exchanges) of nutrients in and out of stores.

Substances such as the chemicals nitrogen and phosphorus that are required by plants and animals for energy, growth, development, repair, or maintenance; important components of nutrient cycles in the biosphere.

Refers to almost all carbon-containing compounds; exceptions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and iconic carbonates.

The layer below Earth's mantle.

The use or extraction of a resource until it is depleted.

A chemical compound that includes at least one oxygen atom or ion together with one or more elements.

People who study climates of the geological past.

The extent of ancient glaciers; also the rock making they left behind.

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and another is harmed.

The isotope that undergoes radioactive decay.

A measurement of chemical accumulation; 1 ppm means one particle mixed with 999999 other particles.

Synthetic chemicals containing chlorine that are used in the manufacture of plastics and other industrial products, become stored in tissue of animals, and also persist in the environment.

Wach row of elements in the periodic table.

Ground that remains frozen year-round.

A general term for a chemical that is used to eliminate pests, such as an insecticide that kills insects and a herbicide that kills weeds.

Chemicals that change colour depending on the pH of the solution they are placed in.

A number scale for measuring how acidic or basic a solution is.

A chemical compound that is colourless \, in acidic or slightly basic solutions but turns pink in moderately basic to highly basic solutions.

The nutrients cycle in which phosphorus is moved through the biosphere.

A process in which carbon dioxide enters the leaves of plants and reacts with water and the presence of the sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen; photosynthesis also occurs in some mice-organims.

Physical or chemical events that occurs within the body of an organism and enable survival.

Organisms such as lichens and other plants that are the first to survive and reproduce in an area; these organisms change the abiotic an biotic conditions of an area so that other organisms can survive there.

The region where two tectonic plates are in contact.

The theory that the lithosphere is broken up into large plates that move and then rejoin; considered the unifying theory of geology.

A molecular ion that carries a charge and is composed of more than one type of atom joined by covalent bonds.

Harmful compounds containing carbon that linger for many years in water and soil.

All the members of a particular species within an ecosystem.

A vector quantity that describes a specific point relative to a reference point.

A graph of an object's position during corresponding time intervals; time data are plotted on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and the potion data are plotted on the vertical axis (y-axis)

The stored energy of an object or particles due to its position or state.

The principle that a lack of complete scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone cost-effective measure to prevent serious environmental damage.

An insoluble solid that forms from a solution.

Predator-prey interactions in which one organism (the predator) eats all or part of another organism (the prey)

Winds that are typical for a certain region.

An organisms in the second trophic level in the second tropic level, which obtains its energy by eating primary producers.

An organism in the first trophic level, such as plants and algae.

The development of new life in areas where no organisms or soil previously existed, such as on bare rock; the first organisms may be lichen spores carried by the wind.

Seismic body (underground) waves that travel at about 6 km/s through Earth's crust. Causing the ground to move in the direction of the waves' motion.

Organisms that produce food in the form of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.

Pure substances formed in a chemical change that have different properties from hose of the reactants.

High-energy rays and particles emitted by radioactive sources.

Earth's balance of incoming and outgoing energy.

The process in which the nuclei of radioactive parent isotopes emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation to form decay products.

The release of high energy particles and rays of energy from a substance as a result of charges in the nucleus of its atoms.

Determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in it.

Isotopes that are capable of radioactive decay.

A measuring of how quickly products form, or given amounts of reactants react, in a chemical reaction.

Pure substances that react in a chemical change.

Resource use.

The ways in which we obtain and use naturally occurring materials such as soil, wood, water, gas, oil or minerals.

The process in which new materials at a ridge or first pushes older materials aside, moving the tectonic plates away from the ridge.

A steep-sided valley formed on land when magma rises to Earth's surface at a spreading centry.

A class of ionic compounds that can be formed dying the reaction of an acid and a base.

A quantity that has only a magnitude (No direction)

The process in which magma rises to Earth's surface at spreading ridges and, as it continues to rise, pushes older rock aside.

An organism in the third trophic level which obtains its energy by eating primary consumers.

The reintroduction of life after a disturbance to an area that already has solid and was one the home of living organisms.

Seismic body (underground) waves that travels at about 3.6 km/s, causing the ground to move perpendicular to the direction of the waves' motion; also known as shear waves.

Vibrations caused by energy released by an earthquake.

The study of earthquakes and seismic waves.

Volcanoes that form over hot spots; the largest volcanoes on Earth.

Describing a chemical reaction in which a reactive element (a metal or a non-metal) and a compound react to produce another element and another compound.

An equation that shows only the formulas of the reactants and products.

The pulling of a tectonic plate as its edge subducts deep into the mantle.

The direction of a line on a graph, either horizontal, slanting up, or slanting down. Slope is calculated by determining the ration of rise/run.

The squeezing together of soil particles so the air spaces between them are reduced.

Damage to soil-for example, as a result of deforestation or the removal of topsoil fro bare land by water and wind erosion.

The transfer of radiant energy from the run.

A group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with one another.

The distance an object travels during a given time interval divided by the time interval.

The region where magma breaks through Earth's surface, continually forcing apart cold rock and forming new sea floor.

The arrangement of eight electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

The properties of a substance describing it as a gas, liquid or solid; may be shown in a chemical equation by the letters (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous (dissolved in water)

Nutrients that are accumulated for shoer or long periods of time in Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses.

Physical features of an organism's body having specific functions that contribute to the survival of the organism.

The particles that make up an atom.

The action of one tectonic plate pushing underneath another.

The measure of how much area of an object is exposed; can affect reaction rate.

Seismic waves that ripple along Earth's surface.

The ability of an ecosystem to sustain ecological processes and maintain biodiversity over time; using natural resources in a way that maintains ecosystem health now and for future generations.

The interaction between members of two different species that live together in a close association.

A set of chemical symbols and formulas that identify the reactants and products in a chemical reactions.

A chemical reaction in which two or more reactants (A and B) combine to produce a single product (AB); also called a combination reaction.

The large slabs of rock that form Earth's surface, moving over a layer of partly molten rock.

A measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter.

An organism in the fourth trophic level, which obtains its energy by eating secondary consumers.

The total energy of all the particles in a solid, liquid or gas.

The difference between the final time and the initial time.

Ecological information, passed down from generation to generation that reflects human experiences with nature gained over centuries.

A fault that occurs at a transform plate boundary.

Areas where two tectonic plates side past each other.

A deep underwater valley that is formed when an oceanic plate collides with a content ail plate and is forced to slide beneath it.

A step in a food chain that shows feeding and niche relationships among organisms.

Travelling in equal displacements in equal time intervals; neither speeding up, slowing down, nor changing directions.

The process of a substance, for example, nitrogen, entering plant roots and being incorporated into plant tissues.

The electrons in the valence shell of an atom.

The outermost shell that contains electrons.

A quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction.

The displacement of an object during a time interval divided by time interval.

A graph of an object's velocity during corresponding time intervals; time data are plotted in the horizontal axis (x-axis) and velocity data are plotted in the vertical axis (y-axis)

A long chain of volcanoes.

A long chain of volcanic islands .

The system of water circulation on, above, and below Earth's surface.

The condition of the atmosphere in a specific place and at a specific time.

The process in which rock is broken down into smaller fragments.

The moment of air from an area of higher pressure to an are of lower pressure.