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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
System
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a group of independent parts working together
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Cells
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the basic units of life containing organelles that perform specific functions
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Nucleus
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controls cell activities, contains DNA
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Mitochondria
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powerhouse of the cell, breaks sugars down into energy
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Ribosome’s
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joins together amino acids to make proteins, which are used to build and repair cells
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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packages proteins, used for transportation in the cell
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Golgi Complex
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process and moves proteins around the cell
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Lysosomes
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traps and digest waste material and foreign objects
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Vacuole
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vacuoles store water and other materials
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Chloroplast
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in plants, organelles that contain the green pigments chlorophyll, which gathers energy from the sun
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Unicellular
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organisms are made of only one cell
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Multicellular
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organisms are made of many cells
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Binary Fission
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when an organism splits into two organisms
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Cell Membrane
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surrounds the cell and holds it together
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Cell Wall
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the stiff covering over the cell membrane in plant cells
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Photosynthesis
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the process by which plant cells take in carbon dioxide and water, then use the suns energy to convert it into glucose, releasing oxygen
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Cellular respiration
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in both plant and animal cell, is the process by which cells changes stored glucose into energy for life’s function
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DNA
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a long, tightly coiled molecules in the nucleus, bundled in to chromosomes
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Mitosis
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the process of cell division when the daughter cells have exactly the came number of chromosomes as the parent cells
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Meiosis
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the process of cell division when the daughter cells (egg and sperm) with half the number of chromosomes
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Tissue
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a group of cells working together to perform a function
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Organ
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a group of tissues working together to perform a function
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Organ System
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a group of organs working together to perform a function
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Homeostasis
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the maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism
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Equilibrium
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a stable, balanced condition with a system
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Feedback Mechanism
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a process that is controlled by receptors that can stop or start an action
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Blood Pressure
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the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels
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Integumentary System
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made up of skin, hair, and nails, protects the body and regulates body temperature
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Skeletal System
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systems made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons
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Bone marrow
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fill the spongy bone inside the hard, or compact bone, make blood cells
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Joint
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a place where two or more bones meet
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Cartilage
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a softer and more flexible than bone but also gives support
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Ligaments
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connects bones to bones
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Tendons
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connects bones to muscles
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Muscular system
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made up of three different types of muscles
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Skeletal muscles
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voluntary muscles that you can control them when you move
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Smooth muscles
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involuntary muscles in the lining of your digestive tract and blood vessels
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Cardiac muscles
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involuntary muscles in the heart
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Nervous system
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the body’s control systems and is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Neurons
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nerve cells
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Brain
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is the control center of the nervous system, made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla
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Hormones
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chemical messengers for regulating body function, that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
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Endocrine System
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a system made of glands that secrete hormones to help control and coordinate activities in the body
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Endocrine Glands
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pituitary gland, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes
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Lymphatic system
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a system of vessels that move excess lymph
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Lymph
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a liquid that leaks out of capillaries and surrounds body tissues and cells
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Lymph nodes
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masses of tissue along lymph vessels that filter the lymph and destroy bacteria
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Pathogens
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disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
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Immune system
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the body’s system of defense against pathogens
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Reproductive system
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responsible for the production of offspring
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Circulatory system
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a system that function in transporting materials around the body
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Heart
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a muscle that pumps bloods through the body
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Blood
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a fluid that is carried by the circulatory system
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Arteries
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carry blood away from the heart
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Capillaries
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connect veins to arteries
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Veins
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carry blood to the heart
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Respiratory System
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functions to transport oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out
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Mechanical Digestion
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the breaking down of food into smaller pieces by chewing and be the movements of the stomach
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Chemical Digestion
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the process that chemically changes food into molecules called nutrients so that it can be transported around the body
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Digestive system
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made organs that function in breaking food down into usable forms
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Enzymes
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chemicals that speed up chemical reactions
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Excretory system
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made of organs that function in eliminating liquid and gaseous waste from the body
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Nutrients
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chemical substances found in foods needed for growth, energy, and carrying out life processes
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Reproduction
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the processes by which living things produce offspring
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Genes
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section of chromosomes that carry the information for a singe trait
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Inherited traits
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characteristics that are received from the genes of the organisms parents
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Heredity
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the way in which traits are passed from parent to offspring
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Allele
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one of a set of genes that control a particular trait
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Dominant
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allele is expressed or visible in the organism
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Recessive
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allele is not expressed when paired with a dominant trait
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Incomplete dominance
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the alleles that are neither dominant nor recessive
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Homozygous
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two alleles for a trait are the same, purebred, TT, SS, rr
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Heterozygous
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two alleles for a trait are different, hybrid, Tt, Ss, Rr
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Genotype
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an individual’s inherited combination of alleles
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Phenotype
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an individual’s inherited appearance
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Punnett Square
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a graphic organizer used to predict the possible results of a genetic cross
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Behavior
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refers to the actions or reactions of an organism
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Innate behavior
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an inherited behavior that is influenced by genes and does not depend on learning
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Instinct
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an innate complex pattern of behavior, often in response to a specific stimulus
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Tropism
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an instinctive behavior in which an organism turns toward or away
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Learned behavior
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a behavior that is acquired through experience
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Social behavior
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a tendency among animals to live together
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Radiant Energy
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energy given off by the sun in the form of waves
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Chlorophyll
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a green material in plant cells that traps the energy in sunlight
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Photosynthesis
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the process by which organisms produce their own food using the sun’s radiant energy, and water and carbon dioxide from the environment
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Producer
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an organism that makes its own food using radiant energy from the sun
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Consumer
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an organism that gets its energy from eating other organisms
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Herbivores
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consumers that get their energy from eating only plants
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Carnivores
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consumers that get their energy from eating only other consumers
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Omnivores
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consumers that get their energy from eating both plants and other consumers
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Decomposers
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organism that feed on and break down dead plant or animal matter
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Food Chain
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a model that describes the way chemical energy passes from one organism to another
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Primary consumer
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eats only producers
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Secondary Consumer
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eats primary consumers
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Tertiary Consumer
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eats secondary consumers
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Food Web
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shows many different interactions among plants and animals
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Energy Pyramid
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shows how the available energy source for consumers decreases at each level of a food chain
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Biomass
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organic waste and matter from dead plants and animals that can be used as a source of energy
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Composting
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a process in which organic wastes, such as food and yard wastes, decompose naturally
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Biome
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a place that has the same climate, plant life, and animal life over a vast area
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Aquatic Biome
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exists in or near water
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Marine
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saltwater
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Neritic Zone
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consists of the water over the continental shelf
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Coral Reef
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form in the warm, shallow waters off continents
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Intertidal Zone
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the near-shore area between areas of high and low tide
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Estuaries
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areas where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the ocean
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Freshwater Biomes
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includes lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, and wetlands
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Lakes and Ponds
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open areas of freshwater
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Rivers and Streams
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bodies of flowing water moving in one direction
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Wetlands
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areas of shallow, standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and blogs
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Terrestrial biome
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a biome on land
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Deserts
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dry biomes with little plant life because soils are poor
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Tropical Rainforests
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a biome that has consistently high temperatures and a lot of rain which allows thick, tall forests to grow, along with the world’s greatest diversity of plants and animals
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Temperate Deciduous Forests
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forests that receive less rain than tropical rain forests
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Taiga
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a coniferous forest biome found at higher latitudes than temperate forests
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Coniferous Tree
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trees that have cones and thin, needle-shaped leaves that stay green throughout the year
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Tundra
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found at polar latitudes
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Grassland
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a biome that is fairly dry, but has fertile soil that supports grasses and flowering plants
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Stable Ecosystem
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maintain their balance because they have a great deal of biodiversity
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Biodiversity
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the variety of life in an ecosystem
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Ecological Succession
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a gradual or natural change in an ecosystem over hundreds or thousands of years
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Primary Succession
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takes place where organisms were not previously present
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Secondary Succession
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a process that occurs when an existing ecosystem is disturbed by events such as floods, fires, or changes in climate
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Habitat
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the external environment on which organisms depends for their survival
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Limiting Factors
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factors that can limit the growth of a population
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Overpopulation
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occurs when too many organisms move into an ecosystem, stressing the ecosystem’s abiotic and biotic results, as well as the quality of life
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Symbiosis
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a close interaction between organisms
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Mutualism
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a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
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Commensalism
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a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, the other is unaffected
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Parasitism
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a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, the other is harmed
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