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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria.
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Vaccine
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or able to cause disease.
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Virulent
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is a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
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Transformation
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referred to as phage, is a virus that infects bacteria.
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Bacteriophage
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two strands twisted around each other; like a winding staircase.
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Double Helix
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subunits that make up DNA.
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Nucleotides
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five=carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides, from which DNA gets its full name deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Deoxyribose
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the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
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Base-Pairing Rules
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a characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand is paired to the sequence of bases on the other
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Complementary Base Pairs
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the process of making a copy of DNA
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DNA Replication
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open the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bases between the two strands.
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DNA Helicases
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the area where the double helix separates
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Replications Forks
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at the replication fork, enzymes known as this move along each of the DNA streams.
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DNA Polymerases
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a molecule made of nucleotides linked together
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RNA
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RNA nucleotides have a nitrogen base
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Uracil
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the instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called
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Transcription
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cells then use two different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called
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Translation
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the entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA is called
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Gene Expression
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an enzyme that adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription is required.
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RNA Polymerase
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is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation
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Messenger RNA
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the RNA instructions are written as a series of three nucleotide sequences on the mRNA
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Codons
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amino acids and "start" and "stop" signals that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons
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Genetic Code
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molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end.
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Transfer RNA
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a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon.
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Anticodon
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molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.
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Ribosomal RNA
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the piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch
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Operator
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in bacteria, a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function together as an
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Operon
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the operon that controls the metabolism of lactose
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Lac Operon
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a protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
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Repressor
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long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information
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Introns
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proteins of a gene that are translated into proteins.
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Exons
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a single nucleotide changes.
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Point Mutation
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