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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
movement of air to form winds
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warm air rises cool air sinks
low pressure <---- high pressure wind moves across the surface. |
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greenhouse gasses
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carbon dioxide, methane. nitrous oxide. most molecules of the greenhouse gas in the troposphere. absorb and give off infrared radiation. do not form single layer.
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types of radiation
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infrared- less energy than visible light
ultraviolet- more enrgy than the light you can see. |
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ozone layer
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molecule made of 3 atoms of the element oxygen. stratosphere- ozone and regular gasses break apart and reform. protects life on earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.
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temperature and composition
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thermosphere- air very thin
mesosphere-31mi. up-above99% of molecules stratosphere- thinner as you move up ozone absorbs energy troposphere- layer heated by ground. |
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normal gasses in the atmosphere
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nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide. MOstly nitrogen (78%), oxygen(21%). also includes materials-tiny particles-dust, salt, water droplets.
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heat transfer in the atmosphere
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radiation is energy that travels across distances in the form of waves. sunlight can be reflected or absorbed. energy from the light heats the sunstance that absorbs it.
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effect of altitude on air pressure
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air pressure decreases as you go higher in the atmosphere.
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density of air
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decreases as you travel upward. thickness or thinness of air.
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cfc's
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chloroflourocarbons
coolants, spray cans, foam packaging. break down in atmosphere-hamr ozone layer. |
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greenhouse effect
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gasses absorb and emit infrared radiation. keep earth's energy in our system.
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pollutant: methane
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contributes to greenhouse gasses. comes from cattle and livestock, crops, landfills.
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types of mass movement
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rockfall-individual block of rock falling down mountain sides.
rockslide- large mass of rock slides down as a unit. mudflow- mixture of rocks ,soil, plants slides down. slump- slide of loose debris that moves as a unit. creep- slowest mass movement of soil or debris- 1-10 m.m. per year. |
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agents of erosion
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wind-strong winds lift patricles of dusat amd carry them long distances.
water-rain water, water from melting snow flow down sloping land carrying rock and soil. ice- moves downhill transporting rock and soil particles embedded in it. |
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effects of gravity on large scale movement of rock/soil
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gravity pulls material downward.can be sudden or gradual.
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features of a floodplain
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area of land on either side of a stream that's under water when stream floods.
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how meanders and oxbow lakes form
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land flatten, streams and rivers widen and take curvier paths. oxbow- during flood, stream may cut new channel that bypasses meander-the cutoff meander forms crescent shaped lake.
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drainage system
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area of land in which water drains into stream system.
separated by divides 3 basins-miss, col., columbia. |
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divide
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border of a drainage basin -ridge from which water drains to one side or the other.
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role of slope in age of a river
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young-high elevation and steep slope.
maturw- changing elevation not so steep slope. old- low elevation almost no slope at all. |
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deltas- types and formation
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area of land formed by buildup of sediment at the end of a river.
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soil composition
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weathered rock particles
-sand -silt -clay organic matter plant-humus animal-decaying and waste product ,oisture-pore spaces or organic matter air pore spaces-plant roots need it. |
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soil horizons
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layer of soil with properties that differ from nearby layers.
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organisms in soil
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plant(trees, grass,etc.)
animal(worms,ants,mice0 microorganisms (decomposers-bacteria and fungi) |
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properties of soil
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color indicates composition
texture-relative amount of soil components. porosity-how much pore space p.h.-how acidic or basic soil is. permeability-how fast water moves water retention-how much water absorbed. |
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humus
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decayed organic matter in soil.
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types of weathering
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mechanical- breaking up of rocks by physical forces.
chemical-breakdown of rocks by chemical reaction that change rock's make up or composition. |
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factors affecting weathering
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exfoliation-layers of rock gradually break down.
abrasion-process of wearing down by friction. |
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how humans affect soil
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grow plants/farming
buildings lumber from trees clothes(cotton,silk,bamboo) purify water farming (strip land,fertilizer) construction/development. |
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layers of soil
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topsoil
brownish/reddish soil light yellowish/brown soil. |
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global warming
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rising of average temperatures of earth.
caused by greenhouse gasses humans add to the air (carbon dioxide, methane(cattle) nitrous oxide(fertilizers). |
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sewage system/septic system
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a sewage system is a system that collects and treats wastewater from a city or town. Sewage pipes carry wastewater from homes and businesses to the treatment plant. First wastewater is strained to remove large objects. Then water is pumped into a tank, where it sits until the heaviest sludge sinks to the bottom. Sludge is taken away to decompose in another tank and then chlorine is added to kill harmful bacteria. A septic system is a small wastewater system used by a home or a business. Spetic systems are more common in less populated areas that don't have central sewage treatment centers.
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ways to conserve water
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1. use less water.
2. some cities can conserve their water supply by repairing leaks in the pipes underground. 3. recycle water or use water again for the same purpose. |
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how water is purified for human consumption
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1. water in a river or lake is piped to a treatment plant.
2. water flows through mixers, where clumping agents and disinfecting chemicals are added. 3. water flows into a cleaning pool, so it can be cleaned. 4. water flows through coal, sand, gravel which firlter out tiny particles of dust and dirt. 5. now water looks clear and clean chlorine is added to kill the last of the bacteria. 6. water leaves the treatment plant and is stored in a big water tank so that it is available when people need it. |
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how aquifers purify water
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layer of permeable material holds the wtaer. groundwater is stored in pore spaces of gravel, sand, or rock.
neighboring area of impermeable rock keeps the water from draining out. source of water refills the aquifer. like any body of water and aquifer can be emptied. |
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types of water pollution
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homes- improper disposal of household batteries, chemicals, and motor oil. use of fertilizers and pesticides. poorly functioning septic systems.
sewage- wrong disposal of factory wastewater. bad functioning sewage systems. cities- illegal dumping of toxic chemicals. water and pollutants running off from streets. farms- heavy use of fertilizer and pesticides. leaks of animal wastes. shipping, boating, and oil transport- spills of oil or other cargo from bardges and ships. fuel spills and leakage from small boats. illegal dumping. |
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how a lock works
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a section of waterway, closed off by gates, then water is raised or lowered to move ships through.
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groundwater
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plants use some of the water that sinks into the ground , the rest of it sinks deeper into earth. Water held underground.
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drought
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long period of abnormally low rainfall. can destroy crops and dry up water supplies.
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aquaculture
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science and business of raising and harvesting fish in a controlled situation. it can cause some problems- farms can cause excess nutrients and pollution to flow into rivers and lakes.
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concentration
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amount of a substance that is in another substance. for example soft drinks have a high concentration of sugar in water. it is often expressed in parts per million or (ppm).
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desalination
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process of removing salt from ocean water. in dry regoins suchs as israel and lebanon, people are trying to get fresh water this way.
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how man affect/control rivers
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man made levees are made to contropl the pathways of rivers.
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time frame for making soil
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the process takes over 100 years for the development of soil horizons. Soil horizons also take long perods of time to form.
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can objects erode without weathering first
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no because mountains must be weathered before they can erode.
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deposition of sediments as velocity goes to zero
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slope goes to zero velocity slows sediments dropping in channel. First gravel, then sand, next silt, finally clay.
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