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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are macro molecules? |
Very large organic molecules, that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What are the 4 types of macro molecules? |
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. |
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What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer? |
Polymer: A large molecule made up of many monomers held together with covalent bonds |
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What is anabolism? |
Chemical reactions that build larger molecules from smaller molecules (dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction) |
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What is catabolism? |
Chemical reactions that break apart larger molecules into smaller molecules (Hydrolysis reactions) |
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What are metabolic reactions catalyzed by? |
Enzymes |
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What are carbohydrates? |
A type of organic molecules that are made up of C,H and O in the formula (CH2O)x |
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What are the monomers for carbohydrates? |
Monosaccharides (simple sugars), in hextose (6 sided) or pentose (5 sided) |
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What are monosaccharides? |
They are "simple sugars" with 3 to 7 carbon atoms -They are all considered reducing sugars -Primary energy source for cell metabolism |
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What are disaccharides? |
They are a double molecule made up of 2 monosaccharides, connected together by a glycosidic linkage. -Used for building blocks for larger molecules |
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What is glycosidic linkage? |
A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate with another molecule. |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Galactose, part of the monosaccharides in the carbohydrate family. |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Glucose, part of the monosaccharides in the carbohydrate family. |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Fructose, part of the monosaccharides in the carbohydrate family. |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Lactose, part of the disaccharides in the carbohydrate family |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Maltose, part of the disaccharides in the carbohydrate family |
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What is this molecule? And what family is it part of? |
Sucrose, part of the disaccharides in the carbohydrate family |
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What are polysaccharides? |
Complex carbohydrates made up of several or thousands of monosaccharides |
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What are the two types of polysaccharides? What is the difference? |
Storage and Structural. Alpha glucose in storage, and beta glucose in structural. Storage are used for energy storage, and structure is used for building structure since it is indigestible to humans because our enzymes cannot digest them. |
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What is glycogen? |
A storage molecule in animals, that is highly branched, the most branches of the 3 structures so it is digested the fastest of the 3. Found in liver and muscle cells. |
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What is starch? What is amylose and amylopectin? |
A storage molecule in plants. Amylose is has no branches which means it digests the slowest of the 3. Less space, less soluble, less common. Amylopectin has a few branches so it has faster digestion that amylose less than glycogen. More common. more soluble, more space. |
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What is chitin? |
Structure molecule for animals. -often combined with calcium carbonate -used by arthropods (insects, spiders and crustaceans) to build their exoskeletons |
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What is cellulose? |
Structure in plants. -Found in fruits vegetables and grains |
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What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose? |
Alpha glucose has a (OH) on the bottom near the O |
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What are lipids? |
A organic family with a oil, greasy or waxy consistency that are insoluble in water (non-polar). Used as compact energy storage and provides physical and thermal insulation. Lipids are more suitable fro long term energy storage than carbs. They give more energy and hydration is not required. Carbs are burst of energy. Monomer of glycerol and fatty acids. |
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Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. |
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What are fats and oils? |
Fats: solid at room temp because they can pack tightly (1 glycerol w/ 3 straight fatty acid chain) -animal origin -saturated with H (no double bond) Oils:Liquid at room temperature because they pack loosely (1 glycerol w/ 2 straight and 1 bent fatty acid chain). Comes from a plant origin and is unsaturated with H (has double bond). Hydro generated = add more hydrogen to make saturated |
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What are phospholipids? |
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group (PO4, 3-) -hydrophilic head (water loving) -part of cell membrane |
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What are sterols? |
Sterols (aka steroids) have a complex ring structure. -Are male and female sex hormones. |
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What are proteins? |
One or more polypeptides folded or coiled in a specific 3D shape (confirmation), they can vary in structure. |
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What are the monomers of proteins? |
Amino acids. -Variable R group |
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What are polypeptides? |
Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, that vary from a few to thousands. Each polypeptide has a unique sequence of amino acids, which creates immense variety. Protein cannot be a polypeptide Polypeptide can be a protein |
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Name the 4 levels of structure and the phase of the protein. |
Primary: Unique structure of amino acids determined by DNA sequence. Is called "polypeptide" Secondary: Coiling and folding of the polypeptide because of hydrogen bonds. Tertiary: 3D folding of secondary structure into a specific shape, caused by various bond types. Interactions are between R groups. Called functional protein. Quaternary: Two or more tertiary structures put together, only for some proteins. |
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Name the 2 types of proteins. |
Fibrous protein, long and narrow and have little or no tertiary structure. Globular protein, rounded and have complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure. Usually soluble in water. -Usually soluble in water. |
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Name protein functions. |
Chemical reactions- Enzymes Defense- Immune system: Antibodies Cellular communication- cell receptors and hormones |
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What are nucleic acids (polynucleotides)? What are the two types? |
Store and transmit hereditary information that controls cellular activity. Monomer is nucleotides. DNA and RNA, Deoxyribonucleic amd Ribonucleic |
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What are the 5 bases of nucleic acids? |
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, tymine (DNA only) and uracil (RNA only) |
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Difference between DNA and RNA |
DNA, store genetic info in the nucleus, it is double stranded with a double helix. It has a sequence of nitrogenous bases in a gene codes for a specific amino acid sequence, Protein controls cellular activity. |
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What are vitamins? |
Organic molecules with diverse functions that are required in the diet in very small amounts because our body cannot generate some of them. |
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What are minerals? |
Inorganic molecules with diverse functions that are usually required in the diet in small amounts because our body cannot generate some of them. Minerals: (more than 200mg) Calcium, bones teeth, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function. Phosphorous, bones and teeth, nucleotides. Sodium, nerve transmission. (less than 200mg). Potassium, water balance. Iron, hemoglobin. Iodine, thyroid hormones. |
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Why is water important? |
Water is required more than any other substance. -Waters function is a universal solvent, for ionic and polar compounds due to polarity and hydrogen bonding. |
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What is Benedict's reagent? How does it react? |
A blue substance used to test for reducing sugars (monosaccharides). It reacts by turning red, green or yellow (traffic light colors) if there are reducing sugars present.
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How do you test for lipids? |
Brown paper test. If you put a lipid on a brown paper bag and put it under the light, and if it is transparent, it is a lipid. |
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What is Biuret reagent? How does it react? |
Biuret reagent is a blue substance used to test for proteins. It reacts by turning a purple/pink if proteins are present. |
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How do you test for starches? |
Iodine test. If the brown iodine turns dark/light blue, then there is starch present. |