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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an organization of a great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them.
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Tissues
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an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function
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organ
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Ten major systems compose the human body:
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Skeletal
Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
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He noted that body cells survived in a healthy condition only when the temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of their environment remained relatively constant.
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French physiologist, Claude Bernard
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He suggested the name homeostasis for the relatively constant states maintained by the body.
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American physiologist, Walter B. Cannon
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One phase of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released.
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catabolism
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developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics. Through this cells develop into tissues and organs.
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differentiation
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refers to all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the external environment.
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Respiration
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deals with the cell's utilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide in its metabolism.
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Cellular respiration
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toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the ________extremity)
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Superior or cranial
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away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the _______ extremity).
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Inferior or caudal
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front (example, the kneecap is located on the _______ side of the leg).
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Anterior or ventral
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back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the _______ side of the body).
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Posterior or dorsal
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toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the _______ side of the foot).
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medial
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away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the ______ side of the foot).
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lateral
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toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the _______end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
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proximal
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away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the ________ end of the forearm).
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distal
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A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
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Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
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A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
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Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
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A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
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Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
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Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves
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Median plane
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The two main cavities in the body are
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ventral and dorsal cavities
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The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts
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thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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A cell consists of three parts:
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the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm
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Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called
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organelles
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is a double layer of phospholipid molecules
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cell membrane
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Proteins in the cell membrane provide
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structural support, form channels for passage of materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide identification markers
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formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm
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nucleus
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in the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell.
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chromatin
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a dense region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus and is the site of ribosome formation.
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nucleolus
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gel-like fluid inside the cell
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cytoplasm
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little organs" that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each type of organelle has a definite structure and a specific role in the function of the cell.
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Cytoplasmic organelles
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Examples of cytoplasmic organelles are
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mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
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Mechanisms of movement across the cell membrane include
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simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane.
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osmosis
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Incorporation of substances into a cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
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endocytosis
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The release of cellular substances (as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell.
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exocytosis
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is the movement of particles (solutes) from a region of higher solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration
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Simple diffusion
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utilizes pressure to push substances through a cell membrane
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Filtration
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moves substances against a concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
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Active transport
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refers to the formation of vesicles to transfer particles and droplets from outside to inside the cell.
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Endocytosis
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Secretory vesicles are moved from the inside to the outside of the cell by
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exocytosis
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Somatic cells reproduce by ______, which results in two cells identical to the one parent cell.
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mitosis
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The successive stages of mitosis are
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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division of the cytoplasm, occurs during telophase
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Cytokinesis
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the period between successive cell divisions. It is the longest part of the cell cycle.
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Interphase
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is a special type of cell division that occurs in the production of the gametes, or eggs and sperm
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Meiosis
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is the portion of a DNA molecule that controls the synthesis of one specific protein molecule
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gene
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carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
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Messenger RNA
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a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
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tissue
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A nonliving material, called the ________, fills the spaces between the cells.
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intercellular matrix
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There are four main tissue types in the body:
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands.
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Epithelial tissues
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is found in glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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lines the stomach and intestines
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Simple columnar epithelium
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lines portions of the respiratory tract and some of the tubes of the male reproductive tract
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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epithelium can be distended or stretched
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Transitional epithelium
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epithelium is specialized to produce and secrete substances
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Glandular epithelium
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tissue that bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage.
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Connective
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Three most common cell types found in connective tissue:
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fibroblast, macrophage, and mast cell
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The types of connective tissue include
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loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.
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are contractile proteins in muscle tissue.
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Actin and myosin
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tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Nervous tissue
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The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called
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neurons
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Nervous tissue cells have three principal parts:
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the dendrites, the cell body, and one axon
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Any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell.
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Dendrites
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A usually long and single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body.
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Axon
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Supporting tissue intermingled with the essential elements of nervous tissue especially in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.
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Neuroglia
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consist of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue to which it is attached
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Epithelial membranes
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The two main types of epithelial membranes are
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mucous membranes and serous membranes
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are epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue
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Mucous membranes
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A moist tissue layer that lines hollow organs (stomach, etc.) and body cavities.
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mucosae
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line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities.
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Serous membranes
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Serous membranes are covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the
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epithelium
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lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion when organs in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity move against each other or the cavity wall.
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Serous fluid
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The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side.
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pleura
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connective tissue membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee.
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Synovial membranes
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The connective tissue covering on the brain and spinal cord, within the dorsal cavity, are called
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meninges
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