Seminar 3

In a way that can be exchanged without making any difference or without being noticed.

Spasticity is a term that is often used interchangeably with hypertonia.

Rigidity is another type of hypertonia in which the muscles have the same amount of stiffness independent of the degree of movement.

Velocity- dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch of muscle, reflex activation of muscle.

Static or dynamic change in muscle tone caused by (involuntary) activation from CNS (basal ganglia affection)

Changes in passive properties of muscle.

Lasting muscle activity elicited by sensory event

Changes in muscle tone are often merged in the clinic into one term: spasticity

Often is referred to simply as spasticity.

However, the term spastic hypertonia is used to offer a more complete description.

Increased muscle tone.

Often described as velocity-dependent.

Means the faster the muscle is moving the more increase the tone.

Are also a component of spastic hypertonia this is also known as hyperreflexia

Spasms

Clonus

For example in the ankle is also known as clonus sign

.

Rigidity

Myoclonus

Dystonia

Abnormally increased or decreased tone.

Sustained involuntary contractions.

Continuous variables are measured numerically, and have infinite number of possible values.

Because the Ashworth scale is an ordinal rather than continuous scale, it is appropriate to report the number of subjects in each group making clinically significant change.

This reflects the clinical finding that those with more severe focal muscle overactivity, and related limb dysfunction, are more likely to benefit from Botox treatment.

First, best practice guidelines for botox use recommend that patients should be re- evaluated at about three months post injection and, if clinically indicated, offered a subsequent injection.

Second, it was considered ethically for subjects receiving placebo injection to have the option to cross over to the active group.

Finally, this approach provided the opportunity to examine the cumulative benefit of a second injection, since this is common clinical practice.

In some cases, this did not occur until 32 weeks after the initial treatment; consequently a true assessment of the cumulative effects of two botox treatment was unable to be conducted.

Is a performance measure used to assess walking speed in metres per second over a short distance. It can be employed to determine functional mobility, gait, and vestibular function.

The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used at the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.

A maximum of 300U because the number of Botox Unit for lower limb spasticity in a single treatment covered by medical insurance in Japan was limited to a maximum of 300U.

The presence of claw toe indicated additional injection of flexor digitorum longus.

These include pain, bruising, swelling, and redness at the injection site.

This weakness results from the speard of the toxin from the injection site into adjacent muscle groups.

Botox is contraindicated in individuals with:

Pre- existing medical conditions that cause muscle weakness, including motor neuron disease (ALS), myasthenia gravis.

Infection overlying the injection site.

Previous allergic or hypersensitive reactions to botox.

Botox should be avoided during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Certain medications that enhance the effects botox should be avoided. These medication include tetracycline antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Blood thinners including aspirin, warfarin and dabigatran increase the risk of significant bruising from injection sites.

Ultrasonography allows real-time imaging and guidance of the entire procedure of botox application into target muscles and glands.

Can be touched or physically felt.

A palpable sense of relief.

His statement is palpable nonsense.

Palpable contraction muscle but no movement 1.

Visual movement, but not full range against gravity.

Full range of movement against gravity, but not against resistance.

Full ROM against gravity, but weaker than the other side.

Patient compliance

Describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice.

It requires that the patient comply with the recommended follow-up.

It's not easy to requires a large number of patient comply with study protocol, especially in the intensive rehab program.

In contrast with extra-pyramidal tracts which provide indirect pathways for the coordination of movement

Corticaospinal tract fibers synapse with spinal nerves while corticobullar fibers synapse with cranial nerves

In general, the motor areas of the left and right hemispheres will innervate the musculature on the contralateral side of the body.

To supply nerves to an organ or part of the body.

The motor areas of the left and right hemispheres will innervate the musculature on the contralateral side of the body

The mapping of different parts of the motor area for specific body parts is called the cortical homunculus

Brodmann area 6

Brodmann area 4

To produce heat and or light or (heat or light) to be produced.

UMN axons radiate out into the corona radiata and converge at the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

To discover something.

The management of UMN should focus on ascertaining the cause of the lesion.

Interruption of the corticospinal tract is usually accompanied by interruption of the other two tracts, resulting in spasticity and hyperreflexia.

When these lesions occur, they cause loss of fine motor control (loss of dexterity of the individual fingers) but tend to spare axial muscle groups (those located proximally in the limbs) that control gross trunk and limb movement.

To make a choice, especially of one thing or possibility instead of others.

Mike opted for early retirement.

Instead of a soft drink, she opted for water.

He opted out of the health insurance plan (= chose not to be a part of it)

Opt in >< opt out

Abe once again says Taiwan's security is Japan's affair and that US should opt for 'strategic clarity'

Something that deters people from doing something

A nuclear deterrent

Putin puts nuclear deterrent on alert; West squeezes Russian economy