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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sound |
result of vibrations of molecules as they are compressed at certain pressures |
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frequency |
number of cycles between high and low pressure in one second; affects pitch; sensitivity to sound is dependent on frequency |
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timbre |
perceptual dimension of sound determined in part by its complexity; distinguish different qualities of sound |
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outer ear |
includes pinna/auricle, ear canal, and ear drum |
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pinnae |
funnels sound into ear canal; sound bounces off depending on direction; changes spectrum of sound entering ear which can be useful in locating sound; bouncing location changes the timbre of the sound |
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middle ear |
includes ossicles |
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ossicles |
vibrations in ear cause 3 ossicles to vibrate; act as amplification system to overcome reflection of sound and it travels from air to fluid-filled chamber |
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cochlea |
frequency analyzer that breaks complex sounds into discrete frequency components; filled with fluid and lined with cilia that move back and forth |
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frequency resolution |
ability to hear 2 frequencies that are very close to each other as different sounds |
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cochlea implants (CI) |
electronic device that provides a sense of sound to someone who is hearing impaired; picks up sound and transduces it into electrical impulses |
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pitch |
attribute of sound; allows the ordering of sound on musical scale; dependent on frequency of sound waves |
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fundamental frequency |
lowest frequency of periodic wavelength; changing can results in changes of overall frequency |
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tonotopic organization |
anatomical separation of frequencies in the ear; maintained by primary auditory cortex |
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place code |
brain knows pitch based on the location of the nerve fibers that are stimulated; important for high-pitched sounds |
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temporal code |
brain knows pitch based on firing rate of nerve fibers |
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Volley Principle |
auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds; for sounds which a single axon cannot fire that fast (high frequency sounds) |
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overtones |
give musical instruments specific timbres |
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harmonics |
series of tone whose frequency is a multiple of fundamental frequency |
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pattern recognition |
identification of particular sound sources by auditory system; timbre recognition is a form of pattern recognition |
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timing cue |
sounds coming from 1 side of the head will arrive at the ear on that same side first; sounds arriving to the middle will arrive at both ears at the same time; used to locate sound sources; information is sent to the parietal lobe |
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olfactory mucosa |
mucous membrane lining top of nasal sinuses containing the olfactory receptors |
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olfactory bulbs |
stalk-like structures located underneath frontal lobes; contain neural circuits which perform first analysis of olfactory information |
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anosmia |
loss of smell and flavour; damage to receptor cells of olfaction |
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pheromones |
chemical substance released by animal; serves to influence physiology/behaviour of other members of the same species; important in communication and social groups |
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taste buds |
where taste receptor cells are located around the mouth |
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homunculus |
relative sizes of parts related to cortical representation; refers to somatotopic map of the body in the brain |
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primary somatosensory cortex |
region of somatosensory cortex that receives information directly from somatosensory systems |
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somatotopic representation |
spatial organization of body parts maintained in the brain; body parts are represented next to adjacent area |
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thermoreceptors |
nerve endings sensitive to stimulation by heat; help regulate body temperature; includes warm and cool fibers |
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pain receptors |
free nerve endings in the body; react to extreme pressure, extreme hot and cold, and tissue damage |
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kinaesthic senses |
provide information about position and movements of limbs in space |
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vestibular senses |
detect changes in movement, acceleration, 3 rotational directions |
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semicircular canals |
3 organs in inner ear that respond to rotational movements of head; indicate rotational movement in each of the three dimensions |