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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a group? |
Group = A plurality or collectively of people who: have a sense of identity with one another, interact with on another, share a common goal or interest, and have some degree of structure as a result of shared norms. |
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4 qualities every group has |
1. IDENTIFICATION 2. INTERACTION 3. COMMON GOALS or SHARED INTERESTS 4. NORMATIVEEXPECTATIONS |
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4 stages of group development |
1.Forming 2.Storming 3.Norming 4.Performing |
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Forming |
members become acquainted andinitial ground rules are established |
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Storming |
members compete for attractiveroles and positions within the group |
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Norming |
membersdevelop (i) acommon perspective about how the group will operate and (ii) a sense of sharedresponsibility for problems |
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Performing |
members work together as a group |
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Types of Groups |
(1) In-groups (2) Out-groups (3) Reference Groups (4) Primary Groups (5) Secondary Groups |
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THE TREND TOWARDS SECONDARY RELATIONS |
(1) Ferdinand Toennies (1855-1936) --Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (2) Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) --Mechanical and Organic Solidarity |
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Small Group Dynamics |
(1) SIZE OF THE GROUPS (2) COALITIONS (3) THE COMPOSITION OF GROUPS (4) LEADERSHIP |
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GROUP BOUNDARY |
A standard for identifying groupmembers |
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CONFORMITY |
adherence by anindividual to group norms or standards |
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MERE PRESENCE affects in TWO WAYS |
(i) Social facilitation & (ii)Arousal. |
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SOCIAL FACILITATION defn: |
"Any INCREMENT of individual activity resulting from the presence of another individual." |
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AROUSAL defn: |
"a heightened state of physiological activity which enhances the general reactivity of the individual." |
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ZAJONC’S Drive Theory of SocialFacilitation |
(a) AROUSAL either facilitates or interferes depending on the situation. (b) The presence of OTHER PERSONS increases the level of AROUSAL (c)When a behavioris learned both CORRECT and INCORRECT responses occupy the individual'srepertoire. But the INCORRECT generallydisappear as learning increases (d)Arousal increases the strength & vigorwith which both CORRECT and INCORRECT responses are emitted. |
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ZAJONC’STHREE BASIC ARGUMENTS: |
(a) When learning is at early stages (ie, more INCORRECT than CORRECT responses) arousal is a deterrent. (b) When there are no significant #s of INCORRECT responses, then arousal facilitates (c) The reaction to the physical presence of others is INNATE rather than ACQUIRED. |
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CONFORMITY |
whenwe change our behaviorin order to fit existing NORMS. Prescriptive:What to do. Proscriptive:What not to do |
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FIVE core reasons why we conform: |
(i)Reward and Punishment (ii)Reality testing (iii)Social Comparison (iv)Social tactic(v)Similar backgrounds and values |
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(i) Reward and Punishment |
--> In gen, groups are intolerant of HERESY. The threat of OSTRACISM is often enough to make people conform. --> COHESIVE GROUPS exert great control over their members--good is rewarded & bad punished. “Idiosyncrasy credits”. |
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(ii) Reality testing |
--> Personal & Socialrealities are VERY FRAGILE; THUS WE NEED CONSTANT VALIDATION |
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(iii) Social Comparison |
Manypeople show so much conformity because theylike to be liked. Welike to be liked! |
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(iv) Social tactic |
"impression management." ==Public compliance =doing or saying what others around us say or do. ==Private acceptance =saying out loud what others say, & believing it inside. ==Ingratiation= getting others to like us so that we may make requests of them.=>eg,making oneself attractive. |
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(v) Similar backgrounds and values |
Internalization. |
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(c)How Minorities can Influence |
(i)Be consistent in opposing majority opinions. (ii) Avoid appearing RIGID and DOGMATIC. (iii) Be in step with CURRENT TRENDS. (iv) Be a SINGLE MINORITY |
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METHODSOF SOCIAL INFLUENCE |
=="Foot-in-the-door"technique = following a SMALL request with a LARGE request. =="Door-in-the-face"technique = presenting a LARGE request followed by a SMALL one. =="Reciprocalconcessions" = if X backs down from a bigrequest to a small one, Y may feel compelled to grant the 2nd request. |
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(d) Dangers of Conformity |
Highly cohesive groups are characterized by: }(i) a HISTORY OF SUCCESS and }(ii) GROUPTHINK. |
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GroupthinkCharacteristics ==Irving JANIS |
(1)an illusion that the group is unanimous. (2) feelings of invulnerability. (3) feelings that group is correct. (4) strong pressure towards conformity. (5) an external threat to the group |
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GroupthinkAvoidance ==JANIS argues: GROUPTHINK can be eliminated or minimized by: |
(1) holding "second chance" meetings for group members to express lingering doubts. (2) promoting open enquiry & scepticism among group members. (3) having independent subgroups consider various aspects of the problem at hand. |
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THE ALLY EFFECT |
=Thepresence of a disobedient model significantly lowers harmful OBEDIENCE. The "ally" effect occurseven if the ally does not share subjects' views |
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SevenClassicstudies of Social Conformity: |
(1) Triplett's (1898). (2) ZAJONC (1968). (3) Solomon ASCH (1952). (4) Philip ZIMBARDO (1971). (5) Irving JANIS (1982). (6) Samuel STOUFFER (1949). (7) Stanley MILGRAM (1963; 1965) |
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(1) Triplett's (1898) |
Pacemaking |
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(2) ZAJONC (1968) |
Arousal in the physical presence of others. |
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(3) Solomon ASCH (1952) |
his research has the greatest influence on our studies of conformity. |
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(4) Philip ZIMBARDO (1971) |
Prison experiment which showed that ordinary, normal people can do cruel and bizarre things when influenced by implicit and explicit norms. |
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(5) Irving JANIS (1982) |
Groupthink. |
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(6) Samuel STOUFFER (1949) |
Ref group dynamics. Stouffer dealt with British WW II soldiers. |
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(7) Stanley MILGRAM (1963; 1965) |
responsible for most of our knowledge about Obedience to Authority. |