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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hindsight Bias
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Tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, the degree to which one could have foreseen how something would turn out.
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Social Psychology
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-Distinct from wisdom because it is empirical
-Allows one to decide between two reasonable but opposite alternatives |
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Hypothesis
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testable beliefs about the relationship between events
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Formulating Hypotheses
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1. Personal beliefs about the relationship between events
2. Previous Theories and Research: Science is cumulative |
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Research Can Vary in Location and Method
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1. Location: Real life settings (staged)
2. Laboratory setting |
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When will people help others in need?
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People are more likely to help a person who collapsed when they are holding a cain rather than a bottle of liquor.
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Correlational Research Method
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Studies of naturally occurring relationships
- are x&y related to each other? |
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Experimental Research Method
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studies that examine cause and effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors.
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Advantages of the Correlational Method
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- Describes relationships btwn variables
-excellent source of research ideas -can measure things that cannot be manipulated |
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Disadvantages of the Correlational Method
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-correlation does not equal causation
-what causes what? -Third variable problem |
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Third Variable Problem
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two variables can be related because they are related to a third variable
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Advantages of the Experimental Method
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-the only way to control and manipulate events
-Can determine causality |
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Independent Variable
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Manipulated by the researcher and is assumed to cause change in the other variable.
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Dependent Variable
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Measured by the researcher to see if it was influenced by the independent variable.
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Random Assignment
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the manner in which participants are assigned to the level of independent variable - all participants have the same chance of being in a given condition
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Demand Characteristics
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(negative) the experimenter gives subtle cues to participants as to how they should respond
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Solutions for Demand Characteristics
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-Standardization of procedure: scripted speech and behavior
-Double Blind |
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Self Concept
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A persons answer to "who am I?"
-Relationships, culture, strengths/weaknesses, etc. |
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Self Esteem
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A person's overall self evaluation or sense of self-worth
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"I am a person of worth, at least on an equal scale with others" is an example of evaluating..
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Self Esteem
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Actual Self
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The person you are right now
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Ideal Self
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The person it is your goal to be
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Ought Self
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The self it is your duty to be
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Feared Self
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The person you fear of becoming
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Self Discrepancy Theory
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Our view of ourselves includes how well our actual self matches our self guide
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Discrepancy
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Mismatch btw. our actual self and self guide
- Motivate Change - Result in emotional reaction |
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Self Concept: Responses from others
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we view ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their perceptions of us into our self concept
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Ex. When Catholic students were exposed to a scowling face of the pope vs that of an unknown person, they had a more negative self evaluation after looking a the pope.
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Self Concept: Responses from others
-important others are the most influential |
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Self Concept: Social Comparisons
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Evaluating ones abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others
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Downward Social Comparisons
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comparing ourselves to others "worse" than ourselves to make ourselves feel better.
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Self Evaluation Maintenance Theory
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if a close other excels in an unimportant activity then people tend to BIRG, however if a close other excels in a personally relevant activity then people feel envy
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Cultural Implications
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People in western cultures tend to have an independent view of the self, while people in non-western cultures tend to have an interdependent view of the self (group membership)
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Characteristics of the Independent View
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-The self is stable, uniqueness is a goal, promote own goals, happiness comes from feeling effective and superior
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Characteristics of the Interdependent View
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- The self is flexible, the goal is to belong, promote group beliefs, happiness comes from feeling connected.
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Self Presentation
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the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to ones ideals
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Spotlight Effect
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The belief that others are paying more attention to us than they actually are
*people differ in their concern w/ impression management |
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Self Monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself and and adjusting behavior to create a desired impression
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High Self Monitoring
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-Make a greater effort to learn about others
- More skilled at conveying emotion -act like social chameleons -more likely to espouse attitudes they don't hold |
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Self Handicapping
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process of producing excuses for performance
- More likely when self esteem is fragile & have a strong desire to show competence |
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Behavioral Self Handicaps
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create genuine handicaps i.e. going out before a test, men do more behavioral handicapping
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Attribution Theory
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The theory of how people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behavior
*answers the "why?" of behavior |
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Fundamental Dichotomy for Explaining Behavior (Fritz Heider)
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-External attribution: Situational
-Internal Attribution: Dispositional |
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Con-variation Model (Kelly, 1967)
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-We attribute behavior to the factor that is present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior fails to occur
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3 Types of Info. in Con variation Model
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1. Consistancy: does this person usually behave this way in this situation
2. distinctiveness: does this person behave this way in different situations 3. Consensus: Do others behave in this way |
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Self-Serving Bias
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-Explaining positive events and attributing them to personal factors, but explaining negative events to external factors.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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tendency to underestimate situational instances and overestimate disposition influences on other people's behavior
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Ignoring Situational Influences
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We often ignore obvious situational influences
ex: tv quiz show study. The questioner is seen as smarter |
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Automaticity Theory
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-Attributions to internal causes occur automatically
-Attributions to situations require effortful processes -We tend to avoid the effortful step |
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Actor-Observer Bias
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tendency to see others' beliefs as dispositionally caused, but our own behavior as being situationally caused
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perceptual salience
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when we act we focus on the environment, when others observe us they focus on us.
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Priming
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Activating particular associations in memory
- can influence or thoughts feelings and behaviors |
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Social Perception
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the way we interpret social information is influenced by our:
-Priming, beliefs/opinions, expectations, and mood |