Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Perception |
What is it? -process in which we come to understand other people and their behavior |
|
How do we form judgements? |
looks, dress, attitude |
|
Sources of social perception |
1.Target characteristics 2. Situations 3. Behavior 4.Perceivers |
|
1. Target Characteristics |
-Snap Judgements -Facial Traits |
|
Snap Judgements |
-Snap Judgements: judgements based on the way people look |
|
Facial Traits |
-Facial Traits: infer traits based on facial features... --baby faces(large eyes/forehead, round cheeks)=kind, but naive and weak --mature(small eyes/forehead, angular jaw/chin)=competent, but cold and untrustworthy ---real life impact:legal treatment/job employment & success |
|
2. Situations |
-scripts -attribution theories (correspondent inference theory, covariation theory) -attributional biases (fundamental attribution error, actor observer effect) --explaining prisoner abuse |
|
Scripts |
we have "scripts" for situations; help us understand goals, behaviors, and outcomes likely to occur in a particular setting |
|
Attribution Theories |
-describe how we observe, analyze, and explain others' behavior --distributional attributions: ability, personality, mood, effort --situational attributions: environment, task, others, luck |
|
Correspondent Inference Theory |
-given any person's slice of behavior, can we infer a characteristic about the individual or is there more about the situation we need to figure out? -3 FACTORS: 1.degree of choice:did they have a choice to act this way? 2. Expectedness of behavior:(acting loud in party setting-expected to act that way) but...still loud in library setting-more indicative of who they really are; more indicative in an unexpected situation 3. number of intended effects:what else is underlying the behavior-what effects are intended **when behavior is freely chosen, not a function of situational expectation, only one intended effect--gives us valuable info a/o type of person they are** |
|
Covariation Theory |
we attribute behavior to potential causes that co-occur w/ the behavior 1.consensus-other people's behaviors in situation 2.distinctiveness-actor's behavior towards stimulus 3.consistency-actor's behaviors toward same stimulus on other occasions ex. new Restaurant recommendation from friend: -1. do others like it? 2. does she like all restaurants? 3. does she like the restaurant the 2nd time? *when do we make dispositional vs. situational attributions? 1.low(no one likes) 2. low(likes all places) 3.high(continues to like it) |
|
Attributional Biases |
-(includes fundamental attribution error, and actor observer effect) -do people analyze behavior rationally? -depends on time, motivation, and cognitive capacity |
|
Fundamental Attribution Error |
-tendency to overestimate role of personal factors and underestimate the role of situations when explaining other's actions |
|
Actor Observer Effect |
-tendency to make personal attributions for behavior of others and situational attributions for ourselves *we have access to our own thoughts/feelings *we're motivated to see ourselves positively |
|
Explaining Prisoner Abuse |
-dispositional attributions:"Bad apples" that choose environments with power to hurt others --*motivated to believe we could never be like that -situational attribution:chain of command, unprepared to handle interrogation situations/being abroad in prison setting |
|
3. Behavior |
-behavior gives clues about inner states;nonverbal cues? --body language, physical touch, facial expressions, eye gaze (anger, fear, surprise, sadness, joy, disgust=cross-culturally recognizable emotions through observing nonverbal cues) |
|
Who Can Tell the Truth? |
-we are overconfident in our ability to tell if someone is telling the truth -we are also more likely to assume people are telling the truth --remember exercise of ranking associated professions with truth-detecting abilities, the results |
|
Detecting Deception |
*Why is it so hard? -we often pay attention to cues that are easy to control...words/content and facial expressions *What should we pay attention to? 1.verbal cues:what we don't say --shorter messages&fewer self-references 2.paraverbal cues: how we say it --more speech errors and hesitations 3.nonverbal cues:what we do --less eye-contact, & fewer gestures |
|
Lying Online |
*goal of study, determine if it is easier to detect lies face to face?* H1:Online H2:Online>FTF...focus on messages over social cues H3:medium affects perceptions of partners, but not actual accuracy in lie detectoin |
|
Nonverbal Race Bias on TV |
-clips silenced & edited to show one partner -white characters edited more pos. nonverbal behavs. than black characters (Study 1) -prior exposure to nonverbal bias was pos. correlated w. race IAT scores (Study 2) -IAT scores were higher among those exposed to pro-white vs. pro-black clips (Study 3A/3B) -evaluative bias & self-reports were consistent w/ clips they watched (Study 4) |
|
4. Perceivers |
-people differ in impressions of the same target --ratings by the same perceiver are often more consistent than ratings of the same target -personal factors that affect social perception: --traits, moods, values/beliefs, culture, lay theories |
|
Cultural Influences on Attributions |
-culture shapes our attributions --individualists view people as motivated by internal forces & responsible for their own actions --collectivists emphasize the relationship b/w individuals & their social surroundings |
|
Lay Theories |
*incremental theorists:see personality/traits as malleable (envir. has an effect) *entity theorists:see personality traits as fixed -give more weight to traits (vs. situations) in explaining people's behaviors -less likely to revise their trait judgements in the presence of contradictory info. |
|
Two Views of Social Perception |
1. Social perception is a quick and relatively automatic process 2. Social perception is a relatively effortful process |
|
Impression Accuracy |
-what is "accurate" is often unclear or unknowable -snap judgements do NOT necessarily result in error *when are perceptions most accurate? -experience, predicting behaviors rather than personalities, accuracy goal |