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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociological Imagination
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See our lives as a contextual ones. "Our identities as they exist in the social context
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Functionalist, Conflict, and interactionist perspectives
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Functionalist: Social life consisted of several distinct levels. How individuals are socialized into their roles in society.
Conflict: The dynamics of society both of social order and social resistance, were the result of the conflict among different groups. Interactionalist Perspectives: examines how an individual's interaction with his or her environment help people develop a sense of self. |
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Sociology Versus Common Sense
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Sociology: A way of seeing, study of human behavior in society.
Common Sense: What we observe to be true isn't when we view it with sociology |
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Manifest vs latent functions
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Manifest functions: are overt and obvious
Latent Functions: hidden or unintended |
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Macro vs micro level analysis
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Macro: examines large scale institutional process such as the global market place.
Micro: focuses on the ways in which different groups of people and individuals construct their identities based on their membership in those groups. |
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Nature vs nurture
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Nature: In the genes as why.
Nurture: The social environment determines. |
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Modernism
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Modernism: expressed as the passage from religious to scientific forms of knowledge (Comte), from mechanical to organic forms of solidarity (Durkheim), from feudal to capitalist to communist modes of production (Marx)
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Culture
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Culture: refers to the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good and evil, appropriate and inappropriate.
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The 6 Elements of culture
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Material culture, symbols, language, rituals, norms, and values.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Language shapes our perception
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Norms
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The rules a culture develops that define how a people should act and the consequences of failure to act in the specified ways.
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Formal vs informal norms
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Written down versus unspoken.
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Laws, Mores, and folkways
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Laws: Norms that have been organized and written down. Breaking these norms involves the disapporval not only of immediate community but also agents of the state who are in charge with punishing norm-breaking behavior.
Mores: Stronger norms that are informally enforced. They are moral attitudes that are seen as serious even if there are no actual laws that prohibit them. Folkway: relatively weak and informal norms that are the result of patterns of actions. like "Manners" |
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Sanctions
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Penalties for breaking Laws.
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Subculture
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A group of people within a culture who share some distinguishing characteristics, beliefs, values, or attributes that set them apart from the dominant culture.
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Argot
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Terms used in a specialized field, for instance in computers "RAM"
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Cultural Capital
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any piece of culture, an idea, artistic expression, form of music or literature- that a group can use as a symbolic resource to exchange with others.
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popular culture
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The culture for the masses, the middle and working class. Includes a wide variety of popular music, forms of literature, etc.
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Fad
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defined by being short lived, highly popular and wide spread behaviors, styles, or modes of thought.
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Cultrual diffusion
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The spreading of new ideas through a society, independent of popular movement.
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Counter Culture
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Subcultures that identify themselves through their difference and opposition to the dominant culture.
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Culture Shock
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a feeling of disorientation, what we know as normal is flipped upside down.
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Cultural lag
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The gap between technology and material culture and its social beliefs and institutions
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Cultural universals
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rituals, customs, and symbols that are evident in all societies.
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Cultural gatekeeper
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a committee, senior, elderly citizens, prominent members. This committee will decide the parameters of culture for that society.
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Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism
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A belief that ones' culture is superior to others versus a position that ll cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members.
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Society
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an organized collection of individuals and institutions bounded by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of cultural expectations and values.
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Social structure
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a complex framework or structure, composed of both patterned social interactions and institutions that together both organize social life and provide the context for individual action.
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Status
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refer to any social identity recognized as meaningful by the group or society. A status is a position that carries with it certain expectations, right and responsibilities.
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Primary vs secondary ties
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Emotional groups that are their to support you versus being apart of a group to reach a common goal.
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The norm of reciprocity
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the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind—returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms
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Civic organizations
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group are the organizations that deals with the community meaning citizens ensuring democratic practises as well as promotion of god governance
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Normative organizations
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typically voluntary organizations; members receive no monetary rewards and often have to pay to join.
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Achieved status versus Ascribed Status
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A status that we attain through talent, ability, effort, or other unique personal characteristics versus a status that we receive involuntarily without regard to our unique talents, skills or accouterments. for instance place of birth, first language.
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Master status
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When ascribed or Achievesd status is presumed so important that it overshadows all others, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society, it becomes a master status.
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Social Roles
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Sets of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a certain status
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Role conflict
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Happens when we try to play different roles with extremely different or contradictory rules at the same time.
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Milgram shock experiment
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The experiment where a teach supposedly shocks the learner with higher voltage until it reaches max voltage, just because he was told to do so.
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Stanford prison experiment
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Students put in a make shift prison in stanford basement with student guards and student prisoners to see effect of good people in evil places
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primary vs secondary groups
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Emotional Support versus a group to achieve a common goal.
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In groups versus out groups
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A group i feel positively toward and to which i belong versus one t o which i don't belong or feel positive toward.
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Negative reference groups
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Reference groups that cause you to behave opposite of them, for instance Nazi or klu-klux-klan
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Group-think
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The process by which group members try to preserve harmony and unity in spite of their individual judgments.
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Bureaucracy
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A formal organization, characterized by a division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an impersonality of criteria.
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Webster's 6 characteristic of bureaucracy
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Division of Labor, Hierarchy of authority, Rules and regulations, Impersonality, Career ladders, and Effciency.
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Negative consequence of bureaucracy: overspecialization , rigidity & inertia, oligarchy, ritualism
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Lose sight of the big picture, rules are the law there are no change, go through the motions with no commitement, formal rules and regulations little room for individial initative strategies
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Impression Management
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Activly trying to control how others perceive me by changing my behavior to corrospond to an ideal or what they will find most appealing.
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The looking-glass self
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To describe the process by which our identity develops.
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Face-Work
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Our attemp to give the best possible performance.
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Goffman's Dramaturigical approach to "self"
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Change our behavior so easy and so often, without even thinking about it.
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