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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociology
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is a science guided by the basic understanding that "the social matters: our lives are affected, not only by our individual characteristics but by our place in the social world."
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Sociological Imagination
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is the ability to look beyond the individual as the cause for success and failure and see how one's society influences the outcome.
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Solidarity
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refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in the environment.
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Social Control
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refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person's actions.
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Egotistic Suicides
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are suicides that result from a lack of solidarity, occuring among those who have few social connections, feel isolated and alone, and are more likely to fall into despair.
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Alturistic Suicides
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are suicides that occur when the level of solidarity is exceptionally high and when the individual views the group's interest as superior to all other interests.
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Fatalistic Suicides
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are suicides that result from too much social control.
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Anomic Suicides
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are suicides that occur as a result of rapid change, usually economic
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Paradigm
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refers to a theoretical framework through which scientists study the world.
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Functionalism
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is a theoretical framework through which scientists study the world.
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Conflict Theory
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is a theoretical framework that views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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is a theoretical framework that focuses on how people interact with others in their everyday lives.
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Social Laws
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are statements of fact that are unchanging under given conditions and can be used as ground rules for any kind of society.
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Social Statics
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are the existing structural elements of society.
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Social Dynamics
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are the changes in the existing structural elements of society.
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Social Darwinism
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is a notion that suggests strong societies survive and weak ones become extinct
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Mechanical Solidarity
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refers to the state of community bonding in traditional societies in which people share beliefs and values and perform common activities.
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Oraganic Solidarity
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occurs when people live in a society with a diverse division of labor.
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Functions
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are social factors that affect people in a society.
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Manifest Functions
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are functions that lead to an expected consequence or outcome.
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Latent Functions
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are functions that lead to unforseen or unexpected consequences.
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Bourgeoisie
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refers to members of the capitalist class.
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Proletariat
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refers to members of the poor working class.
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False Consciousness
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is a person's lack of understanding of his or her position in society.
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Class Consciousness
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is an understanding of one's position in the class system.
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Self
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refers to a person's identity and what makes that person different from others.
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Contagion
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is a rapid, irrational mode in which people do not think rationally or clearly.
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Dramaturgy
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is a theory of interaction in which all life is like acting.
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Community Learning
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occurs when individuals and groups work to identify and address issues of public concern.
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Objectivity
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is the ability to conduct research without allowing personal biases or prejudices to influence you.
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Independent Variables
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are variables that are deliberately manipulated in an experiment.
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Dependent Variables
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are the response to the manipulated variable.
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Control Variables
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are variables that are kept constant to accurately test the impact of an independent variable.
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Causal Relationship
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is a relationship in which one condition leads to a certain consequence.
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Causation
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is the relationship between cause and effect.
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Correlation
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is an indication that one factor might be the cause for another factor.
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Positive Correlation
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includes two variables that move in a parallel direction.
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Negative Correlation
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occurs when variables move in opposite directions.
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Spurious Correlation
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occurs when two variables appear to be related, but actually have a different cause.
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Social Research
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is investigation conducted by social scientists.
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Literature Review
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is a study of relevant academic articles and information.
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Theory
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is a comprehensive and systematic explanation of events that lead to testable predictions.
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Hypothesis
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involves a suggestion about how variables relate.
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Concepts
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are ideas that are impossible to measure.
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Operationalizing
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is turning abstract ideas into something measurable.
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Research Design
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refers to the process used to find information.
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Reliable
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able to be trusted.
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Validity
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assures that you're actually measuring the thing you set out to measure.
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Comparative Studies
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use data from different sources in order to evaluate them against each other.
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Cross-Sectional Studies
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look at one event at a single point in time.
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Longitudinal Studies
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include data from observations over time using a cohort.
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Cohort
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is a specific group of people used in a study.
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Survey
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is an investigation of the opinions or experience of a group of people by asking them questions.
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Populations
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are target groups from which researchers want to get information.
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Parsimony
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is extreme unwillingness to use resources.
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Sample
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is a subset of the population.
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Generalization
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is the extent that what is learned from a sample can be applied to the population from which the sample is taken.
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Random Sample
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is a group of subjects arbitrarily chosen from a defined population.
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Oversampling
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is the process of taking a bigger sample if the group you wish to study makes up a small percentage of the whole population.
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Sample of Convenience
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is a nonrandom sample available to the researcher.
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Selection Effects
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are the likelihood that a non representative sample may lead to inaccurate results.
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Hawthorne Effect
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occurs when people behave differently because they know they are part of an experiment.
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Field Research
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is research conducted in a natural setting.
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Participant Observation
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is a type of field research in which the researcher poses as a person who is normally in the environment.
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Case Studies
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are investigations of one person or event in detail.
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Ethnography
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is a research method that aims to understand the social perspective and cultural values of a particular group by participating with or getting to know their activities in detail.
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Secondary Data
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data that others have already collected and published.
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Secondary Data Analysis
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the process of using and analyzing data that others have collected.
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Central Tendency
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the numbers in the middle of an array of numbers.
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Mean
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an average
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Median
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refers to the midpoint in a distribution of numbers.
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Mode
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refers to the most common value in a distribution of numbers.
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Ethics
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is a system of values or principles that guide one's behavior.
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Quantitative Data
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data based on numbers.
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Qualitative Data
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include words, pictures, photos, or any other type of information that comes to the researcher in a non numeric form
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Content Analysis
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is a type of research in which the sociologist looks for common words or themes in newspapers, books, or structured interviews.
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Triangulatiion
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the process of using multiple approaches to study a phenomenon.
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Needs Assessment
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an analysis that studies the needs of a specific group and presents the results in a written statement.
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