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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anomie
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a social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting
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Capital Punishment
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the application of the death penalty for a capital crime
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Crime
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an act prohibited by law
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Criminal Justice System
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the reactive agencies of the state that include the police, courts, and prisons
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Deviance
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any behavior that violates a norm
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Differential Association
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the notion that the earlier, the more frequent, the more intense, and the longer the duration of the contacts people have in deviant settings, the greater the probability that they, too, will become deviant
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High-Technology Crime
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crime committed through the use of advanced electronic media
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Index Crimes
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crimes reported by the FBI in its Uniform Crime Reports. These offenses consist of four categories of violent crime against people - murder, rape, robbery, and assault - and four categories of crime against property - burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
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Internalization
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the process by which individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society
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Organized Crime
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Large-Scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand
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Primary Deviance
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behavior that violates social norms but usually goes unnoticed by the agents of social control
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Recidivism
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relapse into criminal behavior
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Secondary Deviance
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deviance that individuals adopt in response to the reactions of other individuals
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Social Control
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methods and strategies that regulate behavior within society
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Victimless Crime
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an offense in which no one involved is considered a victim
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White-Collar Crime
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crime committed by relatively affluent persons, often in the course of business activities
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Social Control
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those that lead us to internalize our societys normative expectations, those that structure our world of social experience, and those that employ various formal and informal social sanctions
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Emile Durkenheim
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theory of anomie
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Robert K. Merton
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built onto the idea of anomie and social cohesion - structural strain, deviance derives from societal stresses
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The Cultural Transmission Theory
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the similarities between the way deviant behavior is acquired and the way in which other behavior is acquired
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Edwin H. Sutherland
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elaborated on the cultural transmission theory within his theory of differential association
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Closed System
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a stratification system in which people have great difficulty changing their status
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Culture of Poverty
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the view that the poor possess self-perpetuating lifeways characterized by weak ego structures, lack of impulse control, a present-time orientation, and a sense of resignation and fatalism
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Dual Labor Market
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an economy characterized by two sectors, the primary, or core, sector offers 'good jobs,' and the secondary, or periphery, sector offers 'bad jobs'
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Horizontal Mobility
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movement from one social status to another that is approximately equivalent in rank
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Income
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the amount of money people receive
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Intergenerational Mobility
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a comparison of the social status of parents and their children at some point in their respective careers
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Intragenerational Mobility
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a comparison of the social status of a person over an extended time
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Life Chances
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the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods and services, fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives
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Objective Method
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an approach to the identification of social classes that employs such yardsticks as income, occupation, and education
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Open System
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a stratification system in which people can change their status with relative ease
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Power
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the ability of individuals and groups that realize their will in human affairs even if it involves the resistance of others
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Prestige
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the social respect, administration, and recognition associated with a particular social status
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Reputational Method
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an approach to identifying social classes that involves asking people how they classify others
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Self-Placement Method
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an approach to identifying social classes that involves self-classification
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Social Differentiation
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the process by which a society becomes increasingly specialized over time
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Social Mobility
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the process in which individuals or groups more from one level (stratum) to another in the stratification system
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Social Stratification
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the structured ranking of individuals and groups; their grading into hierarchal layers or strata
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Socioeconomic Life Cycle
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a sequence of stages that begins with birth into a family with a specific social status and proceeds through childhood, socialization, schooling, job seeking, occupational achievement, marriage, and the formation and functioning of a new family unit
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Style of Life
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the magnitude and manner of people's consumption of goods and services
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Vertical Mobility
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movement of individuals from one social status to another of higher or lower rank
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Wealth
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what people own
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Acculturation
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cultural assimilation, or the process in which cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group
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Amalgamation
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the final stage of assimilation in which it it becomes impossible to distinguish formerly distinct ethnic groups in a society
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Assimilation
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those processes whereby groups with distinctive identities become culturally and socially fused
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Discrimination
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the arbitrary denial of privilege, prestige, and power to members of a minority group whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group
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Environmental Racism
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the practice of deliberately locating incinerators and other types of hazardous waste facilities in or next to minority communities
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Ethnic Groups
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groups identified chiefly on cultural grounds - language, religion, folk practices, dress, gestures, mannerisms, and so on
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Gatekeeping
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the decision making process whereby people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege, prestige, and power within a society
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Genocide
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the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial or ethnic group
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Institutional Discrimination
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the functioning of the institutions of society in a way that produces unequal outcomes for different groups
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Institutional Racism
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the functioning of the institutions of society to the disadvantage off racial minority groups
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Integration
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structural assimilation, or the participation of members of different ethnic groups in major institutional structures
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Minority Group
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a racially or culturally self-conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage, which suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state
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Pluralism
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a situation where diverse groups coexist side by side and mutually accommodate themselves to their differences
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Prejudice
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attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it
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Race
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a population that differs from other populations in the incidence of various hereditary traits
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Racism
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the belief that some racial groups are naturally superior and others are inferior
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Split Labor Market
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an economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same occupational level
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Symbolic Racism
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a form of racism in which whites feel that blacks are too aggressive, do not play by the rules, and have negative characteristics
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Equalitarian Pluralism
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ethnic group members participate freely and equally in political and economic institutions
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Inequalitarian Pluralism
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economic and political participation of minority groups is severely limited by the dominant group
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Functionalist Perspective
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ethnic differentiation reduces consensus, increases the chances of conflict, and threatens the equilibrium of a society
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Conflict Perspective
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prejudice and discrimination can best be understood in terms of tension or conflict among competing groups
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Interactionist Perspective
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the world we experience is socially constructed, ethnic groups are products of social interaction
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Gender
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the sociocultural distinction between males and females
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Gender Identities
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the conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female
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Gender Roles
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sets of cultural expectations that define the ways in which the members of each sex should behave
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Patriarchy
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a system of social organization in which men have a disproportionate share of power
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Sex
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a reference to whether one is genetically male or female; determines the biological role that one will play in reproduction
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Sexism
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the set of cultural and social processes that justify and promote disadvantage for women
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Sexual Harassment
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unwelcome sexual attention, whether verbal or physical, that affects an employee's job conditions or creates a hostile work environment
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Functionalist Perspective - Gender
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families are organized along instrumental-expressive lines, with men specializing in instrumental tasks and women in expressive tasks
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Conflict Perspective - Gender
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a sexual division of labor is a social vehicle devised by men to ensure themselves of privilege, prestige, and power in their relationships with women
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Interactionist Perspective - Gender
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gender inequality persists because of the way we define men and women and their appropriate roles in society
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Feminist Perspective - Gender
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women are disadvantaged because society is patriarchal, the assignment of group differences is socially costly and repressive
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Alienation
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a pervasive sense of powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation, and self-estrangement
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Authoritarianism
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a political system in which the government tolerates little or no opposition to its rules but permits nongovernmental centers of influence and allows debate on issues of public policy
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Authority
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legitimate power
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Capitalist Economy
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an economic system relying primarily on free markets and privately held property
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Charismatic Authority
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power that is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or supernatural qualities people attribute to a leader
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Civil Society
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a social realm of mediating groups, networks, and institutions that sustains public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy
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Core Regions
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geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit the rest of the system
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Corporate Interlocks
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networks of individuals who serve on the boards of directors of multiple corporations
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Democracy
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a political system in which the powers of government derive from the consent of the governed and in which regular constitutional avenues exist for changing government officials
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Force
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power whose basis is the threat or application of punishment
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Government
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those political processes that have to do with the authoritative formulating of rules and policies that are binding and pervasive throughout a society
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Interest Groups
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organizations of people who share common concerns or points of view
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Interests
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people who share common concerns or points of view
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Legal-Rational Authority
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power that is legitimated by explicit rules and rational procedures that define the rights and duties of the occupants of given positions
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Mass Media
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those organizations - newspapers, magazines, television, radio, motion pictures, and the Internet - that undertake to convey information to a large segment of the public
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Multinational Corporations
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firms that have their central office in one country and subsidiaries in other countries
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Olgiopoly
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a market dominated by a few firms
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Periphery Regions
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geographical areas that provide raw materials to the core and that are exploited by it
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Political Actions Committees (PACs)
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interest groups set up to elect or defeat candidates, but not through the organization of a political party
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Political Party
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an organization designed to gain control of the government by putting its people in public office
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Political Power
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power that is organized and wielded by the state
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Politics
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the processes by which people and groups acquire and exercise power
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Public - Interest Groups
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interest groups that pursue policies that presumably would be of no greater benefit to their members than to the larger society
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Socialist Economy
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an economic system relying primarily seek benefits from which their members would derive more gains than the society as a whole
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Special - Interest Groups
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interest groups that primarily seek benefits from which their members would derive more gains than the society as a whole
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State
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an arrangement that consists of people who exercise an effective monopoly in the use of physical coercion within a given territory
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Totalitarianism
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a 'total state' in which the government undertakes to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life
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Traditional Authority
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power that is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs
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