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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the recognized violation of cultural norms?
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Deviance
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What is a violation of society's formally enacted criminal law?
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Crime
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What are the four things of deviance?
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Linked to time
Linked to cultural values Cultural universal Social construct |
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What is social control?
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The attempts a society makes at regulating thought and behavior
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What are the two types of punishment?
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Informal
Formal |
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What is informal punishment?
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Mild and may involve raised eyebrows, gossip, ostracism, shaming or stigmatization
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What is formal punishment?
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Results from people breaking laws
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What was Caesare Lombroso's perspective of deviance?
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Proposed that criminals could be identified by physical traits.
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What was William Sheldon's perspective of deviance?
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Suggested that body shape predicted criminality.
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What was Sheldon Glueck's perspective of deviance?
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Suggested that powerfully buildt sons grow up less sensitive toward others.
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What does a motivational theorist study?
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What motivates you to commit a crime?
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What does a constraint theorist study?
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Why don't you commit crimes?
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What is the four Durkheim's functional approaches to deviance?
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1. Affirms cultural values and norms
2. Clarifies moral boundaries 3. Demotes social unity 4. Encourages social change |
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What are the five strain theory ideas by Merton?
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1. Conformity-- non deviant
2. Innovation-- deviant but working around the road blocks. 3. Retreatism-- Rejecting all cultural goals 4. Ritualism-- Following the cultural goes but getting it in a different way 5. Rebellion-- Define new goals and means to achieve it. |
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What is the labeling theory?
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The assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.
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What is primary deviance?
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Episodes of norms violation that most people take part in with little harm done to self-concept (smoking)
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What is secondary deviance?
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when people "make something" of anothers deviant behavior
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What is stigma?
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Powerful negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity.
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What is travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson's control theory on deviance?
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Attachment-- strong social attachments encourage conformity
Commitment-- the greater a person's commitment to legitimate opportunities that greater conformity. Involvement-- Time and energies are linked to "legitimate" activates inhibit deviance Belief-- Strong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority figures controls deviance |
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What is the profile of a street criminal?
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Age
Gender Social Class Race and Ethnicity |
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What is the Uniform Crime Reports?
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A compilation by the FBI of all crimes reported to the police in the U.S.
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what are the Part 1 Offense Classification (in order)?
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1. Criminal homicide
2. Forcible rape 3. Robbery-- harm or threats 4. Aggravated assault-- victim didn't die 5. Burglary-- entry to commit a crime 6. Larceny-- theft 7. Motor vehicle theft 8. Arson |
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What is the National Crime Victimization Survey?
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A representative sample of the U.S. population is surveyed annually to determine the extent of victimization and the extent to which these incidents were reported to police.
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What is the Self-Report Data?
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Used to supplement official crime statistics in light of reporting problems.
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What is the primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system?
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Police
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What is the plea bargaining often results in pressure to pleads guilty
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Courts
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What are the four justifications for punishment?
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1. Retribution--eye for an eye
2. Deterrence-- discourage future criminality 3. Rehabilitation-- reform offenders while in prison 4. Societal Protection-- temporary removal of offender through incarceration |
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What is the profane?
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Occurring as an ordinary element of every day life.
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What is the sacred?
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set apart as extraordinary inspiring awe and reverence
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What is religion?
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a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.
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What is faith?
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Belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence.
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Drawing on early writings of Max Weber, _____________ expounded a more nuanced version of church-set theory:
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Niebrum
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What are religious movements representing faiths that are new and unconventional?
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Cults
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What are successful religious movements who become more formal, become worldly as they grow in size and number?
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Denominations
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What are religious movements which break off from established denominations?
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Sects
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What is a type of religious organizations that is well integrated into the larger society?
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Church
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What is a State Church?
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A church formally allied with the state.
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What is a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism?
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Denomination
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What is the largest religion?
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Christianity
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What is the fastest growing world religion?
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Islam
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What are the three major functions of religion?
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1. Social cohesion
2. Social control 3. Providing meaning and purpose |
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What is religiosity?
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The importance of religion in a person's life.
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What is the church-set theory?
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Successful cults become denominations
From denominations come sets successful sects bring new denominations |
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What are the two modern trend of religion?
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Secularization-- scientific reasoning
Fundamentalism-- Backlash against secularization |
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What are the five distinctive fundamentals of religion?
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1. take the words of sacred texts literally
2. Reject religious pluralism 3. Pursue the personal experience of God's presence 4. Oppose 'secular humanism' 5. Endorse conservative political goals |
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What is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups that care for one another?
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Family
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What is a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption?
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Kinship
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what is a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing?
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Marriage
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What is the US Census Bureau's definition of family?
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Two or more persons living in the same household, related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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What is monogamy?
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One husband, one wife.
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What is polygamy?
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Multiple spouses at one time
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What are the four ways to choose a spouse?
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1. Arranged
2. Romantic 3. Endogamy-- same social group 4. Exogamy-- outside social group |
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What are the six types of family?
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1. Nuclear
2. Extended 3. Single-parent 4. Household 5. Domestic partnership 6. Civil union |
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What are the five functions of family?
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1. Regulating sexual behavior
2. Replacing members of society who die 3. Socializing the young 4. Providing care and emotional support 5. Conferring social status |
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What points how family perpetuates inequality?
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Property and inheritance
Patriarchy Race and ethnicity |
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What is the symbolic-interaction approach to family?
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1. Offers opportunity for intimacy
2. Build emotional bonds 3. Parents are authority figures |
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What is courtship?
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A publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry.
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What are the four social and economic changes that turned society from courtship to dating?
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1. Migration from rural areas to cities
2. Rise of industrial capitalism 3. Higher standards of living 4. Lengthening of adolescence |
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What is the average age for marriage for men and women?
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M-- 27.5
W-- 25.6 |
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What are the three ways that boys and girls from affluent families have over those who come from poor families?
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1. Enjoy better mental and physical health
2. Develop more self-confidence 3. Go on to greater achievement that children born to poor parents |
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What are the six causes of divorce?
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1. Individualism is on the rise
2. Romantic love fades 3. Women are less dependent on men 4. Many of today's marriages are stressful 5. Divorce is socially acceptable 6. A divorce is easy to get |
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What are the four recently seen alternate families in the united states?
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1. One-parent families
2. Cohabitation 3. Gay and lesbian couples 4. Singlehood |
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What is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.
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Education
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What is the formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
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Schooling
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What are the five functions of schooling?
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1. Socialization
2. Cultural innovation 3. social integration 4. Social placement 5. Latent functions |
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What is The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
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People who expect others to act in certain ways often encourage that very behavior.
Being called the class clown |
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What are the three ways schooling causes and perpetuates social inequality?
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1. Social control
2. Standardized testing 3. Tracking |
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What are the four advantages to community colleges?
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1. Low cost provides access to millions
2. Special importance to minorities 3. Attracts students from all over the world 4. Priority of faculty is teaching, not research |
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What are the two causes of dropping out?
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1. Trouble with the English language
2. Work to support the family |
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What are the five reasons for home schooling?
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1. Concern about the quality of education
2. Inability to afford a private education 3 3. Religious concerns 4. Belief that a caring parent is better than a teacher 5. Desire to be more involved in child's education |
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What is the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health?
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Medicine
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What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being?
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Health
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What are the 5 major ways that society affects health?
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1. Cultural patterns define health
2. What is considered 'healthy' is what people hold to be morally good 3. Cultural standards of health change over time 4. A society's technology affect people's health 5. Social inequality affect people's health |
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What is social epidemiology?
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The study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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What are the four factors of social epidemiology?
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1. Age
2. Gender 3. Social class 4. Race |
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What is holistic medicine?
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An approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment
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What are the three foundations of holistic health care?
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1. Treat patients as people, not symptom
2. Encourage responsibility, not dependency 2. Provide personal treatment |
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What are the four sick roles?
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1. Illness suspends routine duties
2. Must want to get well 3. seek competent help 4. Doctor-patient relationship is hierarchical |