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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
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Socialization
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_______ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior.
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Sociobiology
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______ _____ is the totality of our beliefs and our feelings about ourselves.
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self-concept
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_____-_____ ____ is Charles' Horton Cooley's term for the way in which a person'e sense of self is derived from the perception of others.
- Reflected Appraisals - I am NOT what YOU think I am. - I am NOT what I think I am. - I AM what I THINK, YOU THINK, I AM |
looking-glass self
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____-____ (Mead) is the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person's point of view.
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role-taking
(George Herbert Mead) |
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_________ _____ are those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.
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Significant others
(George Herbert Mead) |
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________ _____ is George Herbert Mead's term for the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.
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Generalized other
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______ __ _______ are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
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agents of socialization
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A ____ ____ is a group of people who are linked by a common interest, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.
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Peer Group
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_______ ______ is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.
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gender socialization
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______ _______ is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's ethnic or racial status.
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racial socialization
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________ ______ is the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.
1. Childhood 2. Adolescence 3. Adulthood 4. Late Adulthood (Ageism; Social Devaluation) |
anticipatory socialization
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_______ is prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people.
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ageism
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________ is the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and experience.
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resocialization
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_______ _______ is Erving Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.
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total institution
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According to Mead, the "____" is the subjective element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person. The "___" develops first.
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"I"
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According to Mead, the "___" is the objective element of the self, which is composed of internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individuals awareness of those demands. The "____" develops second and takes form from the 3 stages of self development: preparatory stage, play stage, & game stage.
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"Me"
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Components of the _______-_____:
a. Physical (I am “average” height) b. Active (I am a person of “action, not words” c. Social (I am the person my dog thinks I am. Nice.) d. Psychological (I believe in “fair play” in competition) |
Self-concept
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(Mead) during the _____ stage, up to about age 3, interactions lack meaning, and children largely imitate people around them. At this stage, children are preparing for role-taking.
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preparatory
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(Mead) during the ____ stage, age 3 to 5, children learn to use language and other symbols, thus enabling them to pretend to take the roles of other people. They begin to see themselves in relation to others, but don't see role-taking as something they have to do.
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play stage
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(Mead) during the ____ stage, which begins in the early school years, children not only understand their own social position but also the position of others around them. At this time, children become concerned with the demands and expectations of others and the larger society. (in contrast to play, rules are introduced along with other players to compete against).
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game stage
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(Mead) Role-______ (taking the role of the “other")
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Taking
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(Mead) Role-________ (create own role, anticipate response)
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Making
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(Mead) Role-_______ (attempts to “try out” the role)
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Playing
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The ______ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. They instill values and beliefs, give emotional support, and show us our social class.
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Family
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______ are institutions that teach us technical and social skills, and help familiarize with social placement. Socializes kids not for their well being, but rather for roles in the work force.
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Schools
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_____ _____ is an agent of socialization that has a profound affect on both children and adults (Vicarious & Violent). Also known as pop culture
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Mass media
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As soon as we are old enough to have acquaintances outside of the home, most of us begin to rely heavily on _____ ____ as a source of information and approval about social behavior. (linked by preferences, social class, age)
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Peer Groups
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The ____ ____, in sociology terms, is the process of living our life.
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Life Course
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______ ________ is a free will choice we make to participate in a process of “change” that sometimes include “rites of passage”.
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Voluntary Resocialization
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______ _____ happens against our wishes, and usually occurs within the context of Total Institutions.
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Involuntary Resocialization
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______ ______ is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people; the foundation for all relationships and groups in societies.
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Social Interaction
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_____ _____ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.
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Social Structure
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______ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.
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Status
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_____ ___ are all the statuses a person occupies at a given time.
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Status set
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______ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
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Ascribed status
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_______ status is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
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Achieved Status
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______ status is the most important status that a person occupies; it dominates all individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position.
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Master Status
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A _____ _____ is a material sign that informs others of a person'e specific status.
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Status Symbol
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_____ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
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Role
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Role _______ is a group's or society's definition of the way a specific role aught to be played.
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Role Expectation
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Role ______ is how a person actually plays a role.
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Role Performance
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Role _____ is a situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by 2 or more statuses held at the same time.
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Role Conflict
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Role ______ is a condition that occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.
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Role Strain
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Role _____ is a situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self identity.
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Role Exit
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______ group is a group that consists of 2 or more people that interact frequently and share a common identity and feeling of interdependence.
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Social Group
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_____ group is Cooley's term for a small, less than specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time.
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Primary Group
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______ group is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
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Secondary Group
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______ _____ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
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Formal Organizations
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_____ ______ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
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Social Institutions
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_____ ______ our perception about what kind of person we are.
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Self Identity
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______ ______ of reality is the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
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Social Construction of Reality
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___________ is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves. (interaction based on shared assumptions)
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Ethnomethodology
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_________ _____ is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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____-____ _______ is Goffman's term for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face.
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Face-saving Behavior
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_______ ___________ is the transfer of information between persons without the use of speech. (facial expression, eye contact, & touching)
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Nonverbal Communication
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_______ ______ is the state of being part "insider" and part "outsider" in the social structure; refers to persons who share the life and traditions between 2 distinct groups simultaneously.
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Social Marginality
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______ are a set of beliefs and rules (assumed) that guide how a society will attempt to meet basic (survival) needs
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Traditions
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The 5 essential (survival) needs when talking about social institutions are:
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1. Family – reproduce (including early care)
2. Economy – produce / distribute goods / services 3. Education – teach technology and socialize 4. Polity – decision-making and protection 5. Religion – provide / maintain purpose/meaning |
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Concerning social institutions, the ______'s perspective are as follows:
- emphasis of order / stability - general assumption of consensus agreement |
Functionalist perspective
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Concerning social institutions, the ______'s perspective are as follows:
- emphasis on maintenance of domination - believe compliance is result of self-interest, or the threat of cohesion |
Conflict Perspective
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Hochschild suggest that we acquire a set of ______ _____ that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation. These rules include how, when, where, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
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Feeling Rules
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Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings, _______ ______ only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind (such as hope, desire, or fear) in others. Employees must only express certain carefully selected emotions.
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Emotional Labor
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Isolation & Nonhuman Primates-
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Suggestive
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Child Maltreatment-
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neglect, omissions & daily life
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Isolated Children-
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limited success
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_____ ______ (cohesion)- a group’s ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles
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Social Solidarity
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______ _______ - a series of social relationships that links an individual to others
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Social Network
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