Spcm 200 Final Exam

Communication with ourselves via the dialogue that goes on in our heads

Communication with other people that ranges from the highly personal to the highly impersonal

Communication among members of a team or a collective about topics such as goals, strategies, and conflict

Communication generated by media organizations that is designed to reach large audiences (TV, Radio, Print Media)

Communication in which one person gives a speech to other people, most often in a public setting. This speech has predetermined goals and is about a topic that affects a larger community.

A person who stimulates public dialogue by delivering an oral message

Information conveyed by the speaker to the audience

Translating ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and gestures

Translating words, sounds and gestures into ideas and feelings in an attempt to understand the message

Complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses

Means by which the message is conveyed

Anything that interferes with understanding the message being communicated

Verbal and nonverbal signals an audience gives a speaker

Environmental or situation in which a speech occurs

Considerate of the positions, beliefs, values, and needs of an audience

Public speaking stands apart from other forms of communication because speakers recognize the central role of their audience. Speakers speak to audiences, and without them, we are engaged in public speaking. In public speaking, the make up of the audience directly influences the speakers message.

Our nervousness before a speech, the level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.

Apprehension about communicating with others in any situation

Apprehension about communicating with others in a particular situation

The anxiety we feel when we learn we have to give a speech or take a public speaking course

Knowing why we become nervous

A technique for reducing anxiety that involves teaching your body to feel calm and relaxed rather than fearful during your speeches

Anything that stops or hinders a listener from receiving a message

Speech that is considerate and delivered in an oral style

Speech that eases the audience's burden of processing information

Technical language used by a special group or for a special activity

Informal nonstandard vocabulary, usually made up of arbitrarily changed the words

Local or regional informal dialect or expression

Word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant

Language recognizing that both women and men are active participants in the world

Language that respectfully recognizes the differences among the many cultures in our society

Practice of highlighting a person's race or ethnicity (or sex, sexual orientation, physical disability, and the like) during a speech

Listening can break down when you use noninclusive language, or words that seem to refer only to certain people

Extra words that pad sentences and claims but don't add meaning

Listener who overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker's message

Listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech's content and the implications of a speaker's mesage

Listener who considers the moral impact of a speaker's message on one's self and one's community

Process of generating ideas randomly and uncritically, without attention to logic, connections, or relevence

Unstructured

Visual way to brain storm with a cluster diagram

Provides structure

Popular search engines can help

Speech's broad goal: to inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate, or accept

Focused statement that identifies exactly what a speaker wants to accomplish with a speech

Statement that summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions, or arguments you want to express in your speech

Time and place in which a speaker will speak

Significant positions occupied by a person within society that affect that person's identity in almost all social situations

Perspective from which a person views and evaluates society

General positive or negative feeling a person has about something

Person's idea of what is real, not real, true, or not true

Person's idea of what is good, worthy, or important

Belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms, and ways of organizing society are superior to others

There you have access to librarians, databases, indexes, journals, magazines, newspapers, books, documents, etc.

Words you can use to create specific phrases that broaden or narrow your search on the Internet

Collections of information stored electronically so they are easy to find an retrieve

Database that indexes publishing data for books, periodical articles, government reports, statistics, patents, research reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations

Database that indexes the complete text of newspapers, periodicals, encyclopedias, research reports, court cases, books, and the like

Summary of the text in an article or publication

Alphabetical listing of the topics discussed in a specific publication, along with the corresponding year, volume, and page numbers

Presenting another person's words or ideas as your own

Constructing a complete speech that you present as your own from portions of several different source

Stealing an entire speech from a single source and presenting it as your own

Presenting select portions from a single speech as your own

It is ethical and adds credibility to your ideas

Give credit to others, give specific information about your source (name, publication, date), deliver all information accurately

Most important ideas you address in your speech

Pattern of organization that traces a sequence of events or ideas

Pattern of organization that arranges ideas in terms of location or direction

Pattern of organization that describes a cause-and-effect relationship between ideas or events

Pattern of organization that identifies a specific problem and offers a possible solution

Pattern of organization that allows the speaker to divide a topic into subtopics, each of which addresses a different aspect of the larger topic

Word or phrase used to link ideas in a speech

Phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one idea and is moving on to a new one

Statement in the body of a speech that details what the speakers plans to discuss next

Statement in the body of a speech that summarizes a point a speaker has already discussed

Simple word or statement that indicates where you are in your speech or highlights an important idea

Detailed outline a speaker builds when preparing a speech that includes the title, specific purpose, thesis statement, introduction, main points and subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and source citations of the speech.

Point in a speech that develops an aspect of a main point

Point in a speech that develops an aspect of a subpoint

Process of arranging points into successive levels, with the points on a specific level having equal importance

Process of ranking ideas in order from the most to the least important

Condensed form of a preparation outline that you use when speaking

1. Catch the audience's attention

2. Reveal the topic to the audience

3. Establish credibility with the audience

4. Preview the speech for the audience

Brief overview in the introduction of a speech of each of the main points in the speech

Question, used for effect, that an audience isn't supposed to answer out loud but rather in their own minds

1. Bring your speech to an end

2. Reinforce your thesis statement

Concise restatement of the main points at the end of a speech

System of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate

Word or phrase spoken by a speaker

Object, concept, or event a symbol represents

Memory and past experiences that audience members have with an object, concept, or event

Symbol > Thought > Referent

Language that refers to a tangible object - a person, place, or thing

Language that refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects

Fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words

Speaking style that reflects the spoken rather than the written word

Figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison of two things using the word like or as

Figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things by describing one thing as being something else

Metaphor that makes illogical comparisons between two or more things

Figure of speech that attributes human characteristics to animals, objects, or concepts

Arrangement of words into patterns so the sound of the words together enhance the meaning of a phrase

Arrangement of related words so they are balanced or of related sentences so they have identical structures

Repeating keywords or phrases at the beginning or endings of sentences or clauses to create rhythm

Repetition of initial sounds of two or more words in a sentence or phrase

Verbal device that makes information easier to remember

Placement of words and phrases in contrast or opposition to one another

Action or manner of speaking to an audience

Speech that is carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes rather than from memory or a written manuscript

Speaking style that is more formal than everyday conversation but remains spontaneous and relaxed

Speech that is not planned or prepared in advance

Speech that is read to an audience from a written text

Speech that has been written out, committed to memory, and given word for word

Changes in the volume , rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered

Loudness of a speaker's voice

Speed at which a speaker speaks

Highness or lowness of a speaker's voice

Manipulation of pitch to create certain meanings or moods

Way of speaking in which a speaker does not alter her or his pitch

Hesitations and brief silences in speech or conversation

Pauses that speakers fill with words or sounds like "um", "er" or "uh"

Physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible

Act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of a language

Pattern of speech that is shared by an ethnic group or people from specific geographical locations

Way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically

Visual contact with another person's eyes

The movement of your eyes, eyebrows, and mouth to convey reactions and emotions

Way speakers position and carry their bodies

Movements, usually of the hands but sometimes of the full body, that express meaning and emotion or offer clarity to a message

Use of space during communication

1. Visual aids help gain and maintain audience attention

2. Visual aids help audience recall information

3. Visual aids help explain and clarify information

4. Visual aids may increase persuasiveness and enhance credibility

5. Visual aids may reduce nervousness

Informative speech that describe how something is done, how something comes to be what it is, or how something works

Informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurence

Informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person

Informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses

Informative speech about an abstraction, something you can't perceive with your senses, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief

Type of public speaking in which a speaker enters into a dialogue with an audience to clarify positions, explore issues and ideas, or articulate beliefs and values

Engaging in a process that involves the careful weighing of information and views

Environment in which the speaker's highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from his or her own

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives worthy of exploration

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to recognize the inherent value of the audience's views, although those views may differ from the speaker's views

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to recognize that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about their lives based on this knowledge

1. Use invitational language

2. Allow time for discussion, exploration, deliberation

3. Show respect for diverse positions

Induction, deduction, cause, analogy, and sign

Process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion

Process of reasoning that uses familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim

Process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship

A process of reasoning by way of comparison and similarity that implies that because two things resemble each other in one respect, they also share similarities in another respect

Process of reasoning that assumes something exists or will happen based on something else that exists or has happened

Argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather his or her argument

Argument that suggests something has merit because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it

Argument that presents only two options - "Either A or B" - when actually more than two options exist; also known as false dilemma

Argument that mistakes a chronological relationship for a causal relationship

Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience's thoughts, feelings, or actions

Question that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not

Question that addresses the merit or morality of an object, action, or belief

Question that addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem

Encourage an audience to engage in a specific behavior to take a specific action

Explicitly request that an audience engage in some clearly stated behavior

Asks audience members to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position

Organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution

Organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the cause of that problem, and a solution to the problem

Organizational pattern that is based on a cause-and-effect relationship that can develop in two ways: moving from cause to effect or from effect to cause

Organizational pattern that uses one or more stories to construct an argument

Organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others

Process used to persuade audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action

An audience's perception of a speakers competence and character

An audience's view of a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge os a subject

An audience's view of a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for his or her well-being

The credibility a speaker has before giving a speech

Credibility a speaker develops during a speech

Credibility given to a speaker at the end of a speech

Similarities, shared interests, and mutual perspectives held by a speaker and his or her audience