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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sports and exercise psychology?
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is the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts and the practical application of that knowledge
-study of social factors in participation of sports |
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What is a sports psychologist?
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concepts, intervention and techniques to make better in competitive sports
-seek to understand and help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically or mentally disabled, seniors, and average participants achieve maximum participation, peak performance, personal satisfaction, and development through participation |
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What is a clinical psychologist?
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psychologist licensed to treat clinical/psychological issues, also qualified to treat athletes in sports psychology issues
-everything in DSM |
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What is a educational psychologist?
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"mental coaches" who educate athletes and exercisers about psychological skills and their development
-not licensed to treat clinical psychological issues |
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What are applied sports psychologists?
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Ph.D or Psy.D.
-help athletes how to apply and integrate psych concepts to help them in competitive sports |
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What are the three types of sports psychology orientation?
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1) Psychophysiological orientation
2) Social Psychological 3) Cognitive behavior |
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What is Psychophysiological orientation?
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-examines physiological functions of brain and body that influences physical activities
ex: EKG, EEG(brain wave), EMG(muscle) -soccer player-> headers -> head injury-> seizure activity-> EEG to see disruption of brain waves |
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What is Social psychological orientation?
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-assumes behavior is determined by complex interactions between a social environment and personality of athletes
-people with social-psychological orientation focus on how behavior is determined by a complex interaction between the environment and one's personal make-up |
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What is Cognitive Behavioral orientation?
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-athlete's thoughts(cognition) and behavior influence athlete's behavior
-behavior is determined by both the environment and cognition with thoughts and interpretation playing an especially important role |
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What are some ethical standards for sports psychologists?
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-have a social responsibility and accept responsibility of consequences of acts
-services are used appropriately -ethical responsibility to be responsible professionally, legally, scientifically -duty to maintain high integrity and no false quality |
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How do you protect client's welfare?
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-patient's interest above your interest
-remain respectful of individual differences -welfare is very important and treat with respect -maintain confidence and respect |
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What is the definition of personality?
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-sum of the characteristics that make a person unique
-studying personality helps us work better with students, athletes and exercisers |
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What are the three different structures of personality?
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psychological core
typical responses role-related behavior |
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What is psychological core?
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-deepest component it includes your:
-attitudes and values -interests and motives -beliefs about yourself and your self worth -the "real you: not who you ant others to think you are -the TRUE self -remains constant over time, however its one of the hardest to get to know |
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What is typical responses as in personality structure?
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-the way we each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us
-it's a learned response, how an athlete might respond to a certain situation/environment -most of the time the environment is competitive in general ex: if you consistently respond to social situations by being quiet and shy, you are likely to be introverted, not extroverted. -but if someone observed you being quiet at a party and from that evidence alone concluded that you were introverted, that person could be mistaken—it may have been the particular party situation that caused you to be quiet. -your quietness may not have been a typical response |
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What are the five approaches to personality assessment?
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1) Psychodynamic
2) Trait 3)Situational 4)Interactional 5) Phenomenological Approach |
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What is the Psychodynamic approach?
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-method to assess personality by Freud
-does not really work for sports psychology (minimal impact in sports psych) -personality is a dynamic set of processes that are constantly changing and that are in conflict with one another |
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What is the Trait approach?
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-Gordon Alport
-personality is nduring, it's consistent across situations and psychological traits -predispose individuals to behave in consistent ways in respective to the situation ex: the need to achieve stays consistent in a variety of situations |
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What is the Situational approach?
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-Albert Bandera
-behavior is determined largely by the situation, or by the environment (comeptitive) ex: line backer might be extremely aggressive in football, but when he goes off field he's shy, quiet...difference between teh situation |
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What is the Interactional approach?
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-Vealie
-considers the person and the situational factors as co determinants of behavior -two variables help determine the athletes behavior ex: Line backer personal trait: aggressive situational: competition of the game -helps determine different types of responses -examines variables separately before putting them together |
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What is the Phenomenological approach?
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-most popular orientation in contemporary sports psychology
-behavior is best accounted or determined by both personal and situational factors -study athlete's understanding of themselves and their competitive environment -how they might respond or perceive situation -examines the person's understanding and interpretation of herself and her environment -combines understanding and interpretation for both variables |
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What is motivation?
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-desire to fulfill a need
-in sports psych: desire to fulfill a need based on two dimensions 1)intensity of the athletes efforts: -amount of personal effort an athlete is willing to make to reach a goal ex: swimmer practices 4 hours a day to increase their feet/stroke 2)direction of the athlete's efforts: -athletes need to choose a particular goal ex: tennis player wants to be part of the starting on the tennis team -or another might want to play at wimbledon |
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What are the three views of motivation?
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1) Trait center view/ Participant center view
2)Situation center view 3)Interactional view |
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What is Trait center view/ participant center view motivation?
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-personality/needs/interest/goals of the athlete is the most important determinants of motivated behavior
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What is situation center view?
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-particular situation determines athlete's level of motivation
-ex: ARC: friend wants to play basketball game, but don't want to try out for NCAA only want to play socially |
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What is interactional view?
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-comes from two variables separately
-traits and situation -based on interaction of athlete's personality and the particular situation |
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What are the guidelines for improving motivation?
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-understand the athelte's motives for competing in sports
ex: scholarships, fame, money, love for sport -motivated by internal and external factors ex: NCAA scholarships (external, or want to be discovered -structure situation to meet the need of the athletes ex:if they get somatic state anxiety (tense muscles anxiety) structure the situation to help them reduce anxiety--helps them increase confidence to selves, and improved levels of motivation -find ways to provide multiple opportunities to increase motivation for a sport -sport specific, no consistent recipes for different athletes -make arrangements with coaching staff to help them maintain higher level of motivation |
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What is achievement motivation?
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-athlete's efforts to master a specific task to achieve excellence, to overcome obstacles, to perform better, and to take pride in exercising talent
-predisposition to strive for task success, despite the possibility of failure, as well as the athlete's desires to avoid a competitive situation |
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What is competitiveness?
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-athlete's disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others (judges)
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What are the four theories of achievement motivation?
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1) Need achievement theory
2) Attribution theory 3) Achievement goal theory 4) Competence Motivation theory |
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What is the Need Achievement Theory?
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-interactional view that considers personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior
ex: fear of failure, motivation to achieve success |
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What is the Attribution theory?
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-how athletes explain their successes and failures
-outcomes are attributed internally to the athlete or externally to the environment ex: if the task is difficult and the athlete successfully completes the task, he thinks he is more athletic or they think they are lucky |
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What is Achievement Goal Theory?
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-proposes three factors that determine athlete's level of motivation
1)achievement goal: -task oriented athlete is a mastery or process athlete, does not compare himself or herself to other athletes -focused on improving his or her own competitive performance based on their past performance -ego oriented athlete: outcome oriented, constantly comparing self to other athletes -have this need to not look like a failure in front of evaluative others -they don’t want to look bad -difference: task oriented believe in working hard and improving their skills -when task oriented are faced with difficulty, they are persistent, have desirable motivational behavior -feel much better that they believe their experiences and successes are due to their hard work -enjoy mastering and learning progressively better -ego oriented: focus on external criteria for determining success -ability is independent of effort, perception of ability is more important than hard work -focus on defeating their competitors with the least amount of work -when faced with difficulty or failure, many of them start manifest undesirable behavior(cheating) -can be a combination of both 2)perceived ability: -high perceived ability or competence -low perceived ability or competence 3) achievement behavior -performance -effort -persistence -task choice ---realistic tasks or opponents ---unrealistic tasks or opponents |
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What is Competence motivation theory?
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-based on athletes sense of personal competence and self worth
-they might be more task oriented for the mastery of the sport -feel more personally competent and have a higher motivation to remain competent |
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What is arousal in competitive sports?
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blend of physiological and psychological activity in the athlete
-athletes with elevated arousal will be more activated (accelerated heart rate, muscle expand, trembling) |
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What are the four types of anxiety in competitive sports?
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1) cognitive state anxiety
2) Somatic (physical) 3) State anxiety 4) Trait-anxiety |
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What is cognitive state anxiety?
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conscious mind+ moment to moment
-moment to moment changes in the degree to which the athlete worries or manifests negative thoughts aka: cog A state (CSA) |
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What is somatic state anxiety?
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physical
-moment to moment changes in the athlete's perceived physiological arousal such as increased perspiration, accelerated heart rate, increased muscle tension, trembling |
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What is state anxiety?
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ever changing state that is characterized by moment to moment changes in the athlete's subjectively perceived feelings of apprehension and tension accompanied by or associated with association or by arousal of the athlete's autonomic nervous system
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What is trait anxiety?
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-acquired behavioral tendency or disposition that predisposes a person to perceive as threatening circumstances that are objectively not dangerous and then to respond with a disproportionate level of state anxiety
-some people have high low average anxiety, if you have an athlete with high level of trait anxiety, when they are confronted with competition, they automatically have higher levels of state anxiety -not moment to moment, this is innate |
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What is flow?
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flow is the balance between an athlete's perceived abilities and the challenge of the task
-epitomy of intrinsic motivation -flow is a holistic sensation causing an athlete to feel that he or she is totally involved in the athletic activity as if they are on autopilot |
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What are some basics of flow?
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-balance of skill in the competitive challenge
-athlete believes that he or she possesses the necessary skills (athletic or mental) to meet the challenge of the competitive event ex: believe in yourself -athletes performance becomes effortless, like they are on autopilot-totally concentrated and focused on the immediate task at hand -athlete is completely absorbed in the activity and nothing else matters -athlete experiences a loss of self-consciousness because the athletes ego is totally focused on the task at hand |
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How do athletes achieve the flow state?
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-have to be motivated to compete
-optimal level of arousal of physiological and psychological -athlete has to have the ability to maintain competitive focus -athlete has to have optimal physical preparation -positive mental attitude, can't doubt themselves -need to be confident -need to feel good about levels of ability |
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What does not help achieving the flow state?
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-interruption
-prior performance -stress -low confidence |
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What is imagery?
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-form of simulation that involves recalling from memory pieces of information stored in ones memory form all types of experiences and shaping them into meaningful images
-use of all your senses-visual ears kinesthetics -involves repeating the experience in one's mind -imagery helps to reduce cognitive anxiety -language of the brain |
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How does imagery help?
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1) Psychoneuromuscular Theory
-believes subliminal muscular patterns are created, like muscle memory -recalling what muscle memory better, and they practice those types of sensations and feeling those sensations -many researchers believe that neuromuscular theory seems to work well 2)Symbolic Learning Theory -suggests that imageries facilitate performance by creating a blue print of their movement into symbolic components so that the movement itself is more familiar to the athlete -doesn't create muscle memory, instead it is a blue print so that athlete is planning their action in advance -helps to encode blue print as a mental image in their mind -can activate that in whichever sport they are competing in -more automatic 3)Bioinformational theory -assumes taht mental image is an organized set of propositions that are set up in your brain -have athlete describe that content of the image, and what are the response characteristics ex: basketball player on freethrow line and remember all their successful free throw times |
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What are the types of imagery?
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Internal Imagery:
-from our own perspective -athlete is imagining executing a skill -natural because that's how they see the world External Imagery: -where athlete views themselves from an external perspective -ex: camera operator through the lens of someone else's camera -need to teach athlete how to visualize themselves outside of the body |
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What are the basic methods to evaluate an athlete's ability to use imagery?
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1) need to teach athlete to create vivid images
2) need the athlete to control these images 3) need athlete to learn how to engage in better self awareness |
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What is vividness in regards to imagery?
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-train athlete to use all their senses to make image really vivid
-describe how it is in their hand, adjectives ex: describe what baseball feels like -fine tune imagery and vividness of the object and situation and can describe it |
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What is controllability in regards to imagery?
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-athlete learn to manipulate images by will to produce desired outcome
-want positive frame of reference |
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What is self-awareness in regards to imagery?
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-help athlete practice, experience, and evaluate own sport
-think how to change it -have athlete be able to execute and evaluate own thoughts |
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What is the use of imagery in competitive sports?
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-improve concentration
-improve self-confidence: helps the stay focused and better composed more successfully execute skill -Control Emotional Response problems: athletes often choke during competition, use it to control their choking in sport -Practice competitive Skill: improve competitive skills through practice, and can practice it themselves -Cope with injury: out of season, and when they finally recover they can't be competitive anymore, can use imagery to remember what success feels like -Solve Problems- help ID and solve problems, use imagery to pinpoint what is causing the problems -Time to practice imagery: before competition, and after competition so they remember what it's like or problems that they are noticing |
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What are the four processes for when a group becomes a team?
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1) forming- group forms
2) storming- differences in opinion and talking it out 3) norming- storming balances out and come together as athletes to work out significant differences 4)performing- come together and perform as a team |
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How do you create a healthy team dynamic?
5 components |
-encourage team members to be socially supportive to each other
-important for athletes to feel supported by family and teammates have mutual respect for one another -help athletes bond with one another; proximity--make them feel unified as a team -give an athlete a feeling of distinctiveness -team feels cohesion by feeling distinct ex: team uniforms, logos or sayings, team cheer -promote a feeling of fairness -make sure athletes that he or she is being treated fairly by teammates and coaches -similarity -team members work together as a cohesive unit to achieve a goal |
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How can team cohesiveness be disrupted by teammates?
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-when one athlete is late and the whole team is penalized
-social loafing- athletes put forth less than 100% effort due to the losses of motivation -will emphasize that athletes personal contribution to the team -why this athlete is important to teh team -talk with athlete privately, respectfully -have athlete perform the positions of other teammates so see how their loafing is harming other teammates and how its affecting them |
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How do you build team cohesion?
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-build and encourage open communication so they know its their team and not their coaches team
-outline each responsibility athletes role is and know how their performance affects other people on their team -promote a sense of pride--will affect the unity of the team if do not have pride -setting challenging goals- set performance goal for each athlete because each athlete achieves it, it helps promote pride and success and accomplishment -figure out what they need to do differently to get better--set more performance goal -encourage regular team meetings, once a week so they know their voice is important and can share thoughts with the team as a whole |
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How do you reduce somatic anxiety?
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Progressive Relaxation Training (PRT)
-teach athlete how they feel muscular tension and then learn to let go when they are competing -takes 4-6 weeks before they can perform PRT -has to practice PRT skills 4-6 times a week -learn to relax 16 different types of muscles -objective is to help the athlete relax the 16 muscle groups Control of Breathing -as pressure increases in competition, athletes tend to have breathing trouble -they start holding their breath and become tense -chest and abdominal breathing -chest breathing is usually associated with emotional distress -rapid, abnormal breathing, shallow, irregular -if they are breathing with their abdominal -deep, slow, regular, associated with relaxing breathing -helps them relax, keep them focus on their breathing -teach them to breath deeply and slowly -can practice breathing right on the spot, as opposed to 4-6 weeks for PRT -imagine everytime you exhale, you’re letting out the tension of the body |
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Ego (or Outcome) Orientation
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-Focus on winning
-Difficulty maintaining high competence, may excuse making -Choose v. easy or hard tasks to protect self-worth |
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Problem-Focused Coping Skills
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-cognative behavioral efforts to change for the better (the problem that is causing anxiety)
-help better time management skills -set short term goals and long term goals -gather a lot of info to find out what is causing the problem -then troubleshoot the eliminate or minimize problem |
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Emotion-Focused Coping Skills
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-regulates athlete’s distressing thoughts during or before competition
-get rid of distressing thought and think of something for the better -problem as opposed to emotion -let go of negative thoughts |
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Task (or Performance) Orientation
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-Focus on improving personal performance
-Protects from disappointment, frustration. Provides greater control over performance more motivation, persist under failure -Select moderately diff and realistic tasks & opponents |
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What is self-confidence?
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-belief that one can successfully perform a desired behavior
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What is trait self confidence?
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-belief or degree of certainty an athlete usually possesses about his or her ability to be successful in sport
what they are born with |
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What is state self confidence
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-belief or certainty an athlete possess at a particular moment about hte athlete's ability to be successful in sport
-moment to moment change |
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What is self fulfilling prophecy?
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-mere fact that one expects something to happen, causes it to happen
-result: expectation of failure leads to failure |
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What are the benefits of being self confident?
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-feel like you can conquer the world, calm, able to play to win, achieve goals, know you can do it
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How do you build self-confidence?
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make sure they can practice and prepare physically, mentally and technically for their competition
-because successful behavior help increase levels of self confidence -need to act confidently, have a confident image -attitude and think confidently, have higher levels of actual confidence Goal mapping -whenever three short term goal and one long term goal -always think they will fail? So help change negative into positive thought -once can change negative into positive, have higher confidence -ex: help them apply it in real life |
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Prerequisites for Building Confidence
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-understand interaction of thought and performance
-need to ask them self awareness -best chance of success? -are they still worrying about last time they competed? -doubt hesitant -deevelop an optimistic explanatory style -see if athlete is negative or positive in the way they view things, how do they explain things -if pessimist need to help them change into constructive thoughts |
