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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Unstressed vocalic 'r'
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if in a syllable there is another vowel than the 'r' is vocalic
-may be specced with another vowel but can you hear it when you transcribe? "father" |
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Stressed vocalic 'r'
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"girl"
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Dipthongs
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2 vowels side by side
-regarded as a single phoneme even though they're two vwels together |
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3 elements for sound to be present
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1.)energy source
2.)vibrating sound source 3.)elastic medium *sound exists in a wave form |
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Pure tone
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has acoustic energy at only one frequency
-doesn't exist in nature -simplest possible sound -char. by equal periods and adjacent waves |
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Duration
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duration of cycle is measured from peak to peak
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Amplitude
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reflects how much acoustic energy used in a period
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cps
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cycles per second
=Hertz how many vibrations/oscillations -peak to peak period per second |
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Frequency
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1/period
*as P goes up F goes down |
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Phase
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what portion of cycle the sound wae is in at that particular moment
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Wave interference
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all kinds of waves (sounds) going on in a place at one time can cause interference between the waves
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Constructive interference
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sounds can strengthen or reinforce each other
-waves build on one another b/c they are in phase |
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Destructive interference
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if waves are out of phase they can cancel each other out
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Damped sound
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sound that decays
-strength falls off over time |
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Velocity
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wave length x frequency
=speed of sound |
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Wave length
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how long wave is over distance (in ft)
W=V/F |
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Ways to talk about sound
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1)Physical: talking about sound in the physical world
-you can actually measure the length Ex: frequency 2)Psychological: we experience sound as a psychological sensation -cannot be measured in the physical world-just hear it Ex: pitch |
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Complex Sound (vs. pure tone)
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sound with acoustic energy at more than 1 frequence
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Complex Periodic Tone
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sound that has acoustic energy at more than 1 frequency and it repeats itself
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Fourier Analysis
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taking complex sound wave and break it down to its constituent sound waves
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Fundamental Frequency of vibration
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F0--biggest vibration
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2 sound sources for voice stops, fricatives, affricates
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1)vibration of vocal folds
2)sound from articulators |
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Resonation
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one vibrating body causing vibration in another body
Ex: tuning fork setting another into vibration |
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Natural Resonant frequency
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the frequency that a body vibrates at the easiest
-dependent upon mechanical properties of that body |
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Damped resonator
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the acoustic energy falls off very rapidly
-very broad range of frequenceis but none are strongly reinforced Ex: filling up H2O bottle |
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Undamped resonator
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acoustic energy lasts
-very narrow range of reinforced frequencies Ex: tuning forks |
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Characteristics that afect sound waves
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1)Intensity (amplitude)
2)Frequency 3)Resonation |
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Incident Wave
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part of sound wave that penetrates into water when it strikes it
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Reflective Wave
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sound wave that bounces off water
--most of sound wave is reflected |
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Standing waves
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complex periodic wave coming from phonation
=reflected waves that bounce off obstructions in V.T. |
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Decibel Scale
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dB
-based on dyne scale -not linear |
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Obstructions
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act as if they're boundaries
-change the wave form (w/ these you get a reflected wave)--based on the size and shape of the cavities |
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Dyne
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unit of force
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