Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Define:
Fuel |
A substance that burns to give out energy.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Combustion |
Burning fuel in oxygen.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Exothermic reaction |
(Gives out heat to its surroundings.)
A reaction that gives energy to the surroundings. |
|
|
|
Name 3 fuels which are used to generate electricity.
|
Coal, oil, natural gas.
|
|
|
|
Air is a mixture of many gases.
Name what gases are contained in air and give their percentages. |
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21% Other gases 1% |
NOTE: The gas in the air which reacts with fuel is oxygen, one of the two main gases present in air.
|
|
|
What is the chemical test for oxygen?
|
Relights a glowing splint.
|
If an object catches fire accidently, for example a chip pan fire, the safest and quickest method is to:
Remove the oxygen by putting a lid or a damp tea towel on it. |
|
|
What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide?
|
Turns limewater milky / cloudy / chalky.
|
|
|
|
What is formed when carbon is heated with oxygen?
|
Carbon dioxide.
|
C + O2 --> CO2
(CO2 = Symbol for carbon dioxide.) |
|
|
Define:
Fossil Fuel |
A fuel that is made over millions of years and cannot be replaced.
|
Examples include:
Coal Oil Natural gas |
|
|
Explain how coal was formed.
|
Coal is made from trees and plants that died millions of years ago and were covered by mud and earth. As the layers built up they were compressed more and more. Then over millions of years and enormous pressures they were turned into coal.
|
|
|
|
Explain how oil was formed.
|
Oil formed millions of years ago in the oceans. Microscopic plants and animals died and they were covered in layers of sand and mud. The pressure of these layers over millions of years turned them into oil.
|
|
|
|
Explain how natural gas was formed.
|
Natural gas was formed with the oil in the same process and it is found with the oil in the porous rock.
|
|
|
|
As they were all formed from living things, the energy stored in ALL fossil fuels originally came from ______.
|
The sun.
|
|
|
|
What does conserving fuel mean?
|
Using fuel efficently and not wasting it.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Finite resources |
Will run out and are not easily replaced.
|
|
|
|
Give 6 examples of renewable / alternative resources.
|
1/ Wind power
2/ Wave power 3/ Hydro electric power 4/ Solar power 5/ Nuclear power 6/ Biomass |
|
|
|
Define:
Hydrocarbon |
Compound containing hydrogen and carbon only.
|
NOTE: The elements found in hydrocarbon are NON-METAL, therefore the type of bonding is COVALENT (sharing outer electrons to give each atom a full outer energy level).
There are many families of hydrocarbons, and in a PS question in an exam you may be asked to apply your knowledge of the 3 families you have learnt about in Topic 6 in order to answer the question. |
|
|
In order, name each member or the ALKANE family and give their molecular formula.
|
1/ methane - CH4
2/ ethane - C2H6 3/ propane - C3H8 4/ butane - C4H10 5/ pentane - C5H12 6/ hexane - C6H14 7/ heptane - C7H16 8/ octane - C8H18 |
(n/ = no. of carbon in molecule)
<< REMEMBER >> When drawing the structural formulae for hydrocarbons, ALWAYS make sure there are 4 bonds drawn around each carbon (C) atom because the valency of carbon is 4. |
|
|
In order, name each member or the ALKENE family and give their molecular formula.
|
2/ ethene - C2H4
3/ propene - C3H6 4/ butene - C4H8 5/ pentene - C5H10 6/ hexene - C6H12 7/ heptene - C7H14 |
(n/ = no. of carbon in molecule)
<< REMEMBER >> When drawing the structural formulae for hydrocarbons, ALWAYS make sure there are 4 bonds drawn around each carbon (C) atom because the valency of carbon is 4. |
|
|
In order, name each member or the CYCLOALKANE family and give their molecular formula.
|
3/ cyclopropane - C3H6
4/ cyclobutane - C4H8 5/ cyclopentane - C5H10 6/ cyclohexane - C6H12 7/ cycloheptane - C7H14 8/ cyclooctane - C8H16 |
(n/ = no. of carbon in molecule)
<< REMEMBER >> When drawing the structural formulae for hydrocarbons, ALWAYS make sure there are 4 bonds drawn around each carbon (C) atom because the valency of carbon is 4. |
|
|
Explain how the stucture of the cycloalkane family is the reason the first one is cyclopropane.
|
Cycloalkanes have a cyclic structure and you need 3 carbons to form a cyclic strucure.
|
|
|
|
What is the general formula for the ALKANE family?
|
CnH2n+2
|
|
|
|
What is the general formula for the ALKENE family?
|
CnH2n
|
|
|
|
What is the general formula for the CYCLOALKANE family?
|
CnH2n
|
|
|
|
Define:
Isomers |
The same molecular formula but have a different structural formula.
|
|
|
|
A homologous series is a family or compounds which have... (Give 3 descriptions)
|
1/ Similar chemical properties eg. they all burn.
2/ The same general formula 3/ The physical properties change as the molecules get bigger eg. the boiling point of the alkanes increase as the molecules get bigger in size. |
|
|
|
Define:
Saturated |
Contains only carbon to carbon single bonds. These molecules have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
|
<< REMEMBER >>
'S' is for *s*ingle bond and for *s*aturated. |
|
|
Define:
Unsaturated |
Contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond. These compounds have less hydrogen atoms.
|
<< REMEMBER >>
'S' is for *s*ingle bond and for *s*aturated. |
|
|
What is the CHEMICAL test for water?
|
Anhydrous copper sulphate turns white to blue or cobalt chloride paper turns blue to pink.
|
|
|
|
Define:
The PHYSICAL test for water. |
Freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.
|
|
|
|
When a hydrocarbon burns in PLENTY of oxygen it will always produce
_________ and ______. |
Carbon dioxide and water.
|
|
|
|
What are the results when bromine water is mixed with the:
> Alkane > Alkene > Cycloalkane |
> Alkane - the solution stays red/brown.
> Alkene - the solution becomes colourless. > Cycloalkane - the solution stays red/brown. |
<< Conclusion >>
The alkene contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond. |
|
|
Define:
Chemical test for and alkene (test for un-saturation) |
Bromine solution is decolourised.
|
<< EXPLANATION >>
When bromin water is added, the C=C bond in the alkene breaks. The bromine can now add on to the 2 free spaces in the alkene (as bromine is diotomic [Br2] ). This is called an addition reaction and ONLY ALKENES can undergo these addition reactions. |
|
|
Describe the two alkene reactions.
|
1/ Alkenes react with Bromine water by addition and decolourise it.
2/ Alkenes react by addition with Hydrogen to form alkanes. |
|
|
|
Distillation works because...
|
Different liquids have different boiling points.
|
Example...
Alchol boils at 79°C and water boils at 100°C, therefore the alchol distils first. |
|
|
What is the process of distilling crude oil called?
|
Fractional Distillation.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Fractions |
A group of chemicals with Similar Boiling Points
|
|
|
|
Name each fraction in order and give one use of each.
|
Refinery Gas - Fuel for camping stoves.
Gasoline - Fuel for motor cars. Naptha - To make plastics. Kerosene - Fuel for aircraft. Gas oil - Reduce friction in car engines. Residue - Tar for road surfaces. |
|
|
|
Define:
Viscosity |
Thickness or pourability.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Cracking |
Take large surplus molecules and break them up into smaller, more useful molecules that are in demand.
|
|
|
|
When fossil fuels burn in PLENTY of oxygen they will always produce _________ and ______.
|
Carbon dioxide and water.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Complete Combustion |
When a fuel is burned with plently of oxygen present.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Incomplete Combustion |
Not enough oxygen present. The products are carbon monoxide and soot.
|
|
|
|
The products of complete combustion are _________ and _______
|
Carbon dioxide and water.
|
|
|
|
The products of complete combustion are _______, _________ and _______
|
Carbon, carbon monoxide and water.
|
Carbon = soot
|
|
|
Define:
Carbon monoxide |
This is a poisonous gas which combines with haemoglobin in the blood.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Sulphur dioxide |
This dissolves in rain water and makes acid rain which kills fish, erodes buildings and slows plant growth.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Nitrogen oxide |
This gas contributes to acid rain which affects fish, plants, trees and buildings.
|
|
