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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
observational study
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the researcher observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations.
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experimental study
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the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.
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explanatory variable
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also known as the independent variable, in an experimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the researcher.
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outcome variable
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also called the dependent variable. A variable in correlation and regression analysis that cannot be controlled or manipulated.
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treatment group
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a group in an experimental study that has recieved some type of treatment.
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control group
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a group in an experimental study that is not given any special treatment.
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hawthorne effect
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when subjects knew they were participating in an experiment actually changed their behavior in ways that affected the results of the study.
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confounding variable
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one that influences the dependent variable but cannot be separated from independent variable.
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suspect samples
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researchers use very small samples to obtained information when a large sample size is better to do, and the selection of the subjects in the sample is important so there is not any built-in bias.
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Ambiguous Averages
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mean, median, mode, and midrange
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changing the subject
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statistical distortion can occur when different values are used to represent the same data.
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detached statistics
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no comparison is made. For example "Brand A telenol works 2 times faster." Faster than what?
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implied connections
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"Eating cherrios for breakfast may help reduce your cholestrol." The words MAY HELP signifies that there is no guarantee that eating cherrios for breakfast will for sure reduce your cholestrol.
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misleading graphs
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If graphs are drawn inappropriately, they can misrepresent the data and lead the reader to false connections.
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faulty survey questions
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when analyzing results of a survey using questionnaires, you should be sure that the questions are properly written since the way questions are phrased can often influence the way people answer them.
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mean
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the sum of the vaules, divided by the total number of values. symbol ( )
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median
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the midpoint of the data array. symbol (MD)
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mode
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the value that occurs most often in a data set
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midrange
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the sum of the lowest and highest values in the data set,divided by 2. symbol (MR)
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range
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the highest value minus the lowest value. symbol (R)
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