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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Statistics:
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methods for organizing, summarizing and interpreting data
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Sampling error
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naturally occurring difference between a statistic and a parameter
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Descreptive statistics
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organize and summarize data
take raw data and summarize it |
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Inferential statistics
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use sample data to draw inferences about populations.
techniquest that allow us to study samples and make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected |
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Correlational method
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two variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them
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Expirimental method
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one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured
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operational definition
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measurement procedure for measuring an external behaviour and uses the resulting measurements as a fefinition and a measurement of hypothetical construct.
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discrete variable
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separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories.
(gender, occupation, number of children, academic major, etc) |
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Continuous variable
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infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values
(Height, weight, etc) |
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Real limits
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the boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. The real limit separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halway between the scores. Each score has two real limits (Upper and lower)
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Nominal scale
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a set of categories that have different names.
I.e. an academic major can be chemistry or biology, but it can't be "more" chemistry than the other. |
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Ordinal scale
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consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude
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Interval scale
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ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude.
like inches, seconds, points, degrees |
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ratio scale
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an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. Ratios of numbers do reflect rations of magnitude.
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X
Y N Sigma |
X = represent scores for a variable.
Y = second set of scores N = numbr of scores in a population Sigma = sum |
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Frequency distribution
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an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
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Symmetrical distributions
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draw a line through the middle so that one side of the distribution is a mirror image of the other
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Skewed distributions
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scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end
^_ positive _^ negative |
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Class intervals
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Frequency distriubution table should have 10 - 15 rows. If the scores cover a wider range, it is customary to divide the range into selections called class intervals.
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