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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is reddening of the skin called, and what causes it? |
Erythema
Due to congestion of capillaries (hemorrhage) Associated with Lyme's Disease |
|
What is a flat lesion of altered skin color, less than 1.0cm2?
Where is it located in the skin? |
Macule, purpura (petechia = pinpoint)
Purpura is caused by hemorrhage Located in epidermis |
|
What is a flat lesion of altered skin color, greater than 1.0cm2?
|
Patch
|
|
What is a solid elevation of skin, less than 1.0cm2?
Where is it located in the skin? What is a disease associated with it? |
Papule
Below the epidermis Associated with Psoriasis |
|
What is a large elevation formed by coalescing papules?
|
Plaque
|
|
What is a skin elevation that is elevated greater than 1.0cm2?
Where is it located? |
Nodule
Dermis or subcutis |
|
What is a elevated area caused by derma edema?
|
Wheal (hives or urticaria)
Can coalesce and form plaques - are transient. |
|
What is another name for a small blister (less than 1.0cm2) located within the epidermis or below the epidermal-dermal junction?
What is a disease associated with it? |
Vesicle
Larger vesicle = blebs or bullae Associated with Foot & Mouth Disease |
|
What is a small accumulation of pus within the epidermis or hair follicle?
What is associated with it? |
Pustule (basically a superficial abscess that contains neutrophils and bacteria)
Pustular dermatitis due to Staph aureus |
|
What is a feature of a skin leasion where there is an encircling scale with its free edges toward the center?
What does it represent? |
Epidermal collarette
Represents earlier bulla, vesicle, or pustule |
|
Scales are accumulations of what layer of the epidermis
What disorder is this seen with? |
Stratum corneum
Seen in chronic dermatitis and hyperkeratosis (specifically hyperkeratosis from seborrheic dermatitis) |
|
What is another name for a scab and what does it usually consist of?
|
Crust
Consists of dried exudate, such as serum, blood, pus, bacterial debris, etc (can arise secondary to things such as bacterial dermatitis) |
|
What are focal depression of the skin where there is partial loss of the epidermis (but no involvedment with basement membrane)?
What does it result from? |
Erosions
May result from ruptured vesicle or pustule, or trauma to the skin |
|
What is a superficial erosion, which results in superficial loss of epithelium due to trauma?
|
Excoriation (due to things such as scratching)
|
|
What is a deep linear crack or groove in the epidermis, and it extends into the dermis (which disrupts the basement membrane)?
What causes this? |
Fissure
Caused by drying or thickening of the epidermis (loss of elasticity) |
|
What is the loss of epidermis to the level of at least the superficial dermis (which disrupts the basement membrane)?
What is a disorder associated with it? |
Ulcer
Associated with severe ulcerative dermatitis (or lick granuloma) |
|
What is the irregular thickening of the skin with creases and sometimes hyperpigmentation?
What is a disease associated with it? What are two examples of lichenification? |
Lichenification
Can be caused by fungal infection in a dog (Malassezie infection) Acanthosis and Hyperkeratosis |
|
What are epidermal proliferations, which give the epidermis a rough, warty appearance?
|
Verrucae
|
|
What kind of tissue makes up a scar, and replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the skin?
|
Fibrous connective tissue
|
|
_______ is the thickening of the skin due to epidermal hyperplasia (especially the stratum spinosum). It is also know it as a ______.
It develops secondary to_______. |
Acanthosis
Callous Chronic infection |
|
Normal epidermis is ______ cells thick.
|
6-10
|
|
_________ is the disruption of ________ (intercellular junctions) between keratinocytes.
|
Acantholysis
Desmosomes |
|
Hyperkeratosis is an increase in the thickness of the_____ layer of the epidermis.
|
Stratum corneum
|
|
Hyperkeratosis is subdivided into to categories: ______, where cornified epithelial cells are anuclear; and______, where cornified epithelial cells have nuclei.
|
Orthokeratosis
Parakeratosis |
|
An example of orthokeratosis is __________, where there is excessive crusting, scaliness, and greasiness of the skin.
|
Idiopathic seborrhea
[Idiopathic = unknown cause/origin Seborrhea = excessive discharge of sebum from the sebaceous glands] Idiopathic seborrhea results in increased production of corneocytes and visible scale. |
|
________ is intercellular edema (edema in the interstitium).
Why does it develop? |
Spongiosis
Develops as a sequela to inflammation |
|
______ is the caused be intracellular (intracytoplasmic) accumulation of water, or ________________.
This can lead to ______ formation. |
Ballooning
Hydroptic degneration Vesicle [cells accumulate water, rupture, and cause a vesicle] |
|
What is marked acanthosis, that resembles a carcinoma? It can also be seen histologically when looking at equine ____ and bovine warts.
|
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
Sarcoids |
|
What is the disorder that is caused by melanocytopenia (or a lack of melanin production), and is characterized by expanding pale macules due to destruction of melanocytes?
It is thought to be an ______ disease. |
Vitiligo
Autoimmune |
|
The ____ is the largest organ in the body.
|
Skin
|
|
Skin is thickest on the ____ and lateral limbs, and thinnest on the ____ and inner thighs.
|
Dorsum
Ventrum |
|
List of the 4 layers of the epidermis.
What is the 5th layer that is found in the foot pads of cats and dogs, and between what two layers is it located? |
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum granulosum - Stratum spinosum - Stratum basale 5th - Stratum lucidum (located between corneum and granulosum) |
|
Stratum lucidum contains the protein ______, which eventually becomes keratin.
|
Eleidan
|
|
How long does it take for the maturation of a keratinocyte?
|
Approximately one month
|
|
What is seborrhea?
What does it cause? |
Excessive dishcharge of sebum from sebaceous glands.
It causes accelerated keratinization. |
|
What is the function of melanocytes?
Which epidermal layer(s) are they found in? |
Give hair and skin color
Basale & spinosum |
|
________ are bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage cells that present antigens to T-lymphocytes. They are located in the _____ layer(s) of the epidermis.
|
Langerhans cells
Basale, spinosum, granulosum |
|
What are the neuroendocrine cells that have tactile sensory perception? Where are they located in the epidermis?
|
Merkel cells
Basal layer (cause Merkel cell carcinomas) |
|
What structure separates the epidermis and the dermis?
What type of collagen anchors them together? What cell junctions are found here? |
Basement membrane
Type IV collagen Hemidesmosomes |
|
What structure consists of collagen and elastic fibers in a glycoaminoglycan matrix, and supports hair folicles, adnexal structures, nerves, and vessels?
|
Dermis
|
|
Skin has three roles in host defense:
|
1. Physical
2. Immunological 3. Reparative mechanisms |
|
The main defense layer of the epidermis is the stratum _______.
|
Corneum
|
|
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum, which contains vitamin ___. This vitamin protects against antioxidants.
|
E
|
|
Melanin pigmentation functions to protect against _______.
|
UV light
|
|
The basement membrane, which lies between the _____ and the _____, functions to protect against the invasion of ______ cells.
|
Dermis & epidermis
Neoplastic |
|
The _____ immune response functions during the first 7 days of exposure.
|
Innate
|
|
Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum of the epidermis contain ____ (cytokine), which is released against invading pathogens, and induces gene expression.
|
IL-1
|
|
Adaptive immunity involves __ and ___ lymphocytes, which increase by _____ expansion.
|
T & B
Clonal |
|
During an adaptive immune response, a stimulus causes ____ cells and ____ cells in the dermis to phagocytize and process the agent.
|
Langerhan's
Dendritic |
|
Uncontrolled immune response can lead to chronic inflammatory disorders. Name three.
|
Contact hypersentitivity (type IV, delayed-type)
Atophic dermititis (type I, immediate allergy against environment) Lupus erythematous (type III, immune complex disease) |
|
What are the two repairative mechanisms of the skin?
|
Healing by first intention
Healing by second intention |
|
Explain healing by first intention.
|
Healing by first intention:
- Bring edges of wound together - Macrophages remove debris/blood/etc - New blood vessels sprout - ECM is synthesized - Basal cells --> hyperplasia --> covers defect in 3-5 days |
|
Explain healing by second intention.
|
Healing by second intention:
- Edges of skin are NOT brought together - CT is haphazardly made and arranged - Disorganization = harder to immune cells to get to wound - Proliferating fibroblasts = perpendicular to capillaries, and capillaries = perpendicular to skin surface??? - Tensile strength = diminshed as compared to first intention |
|
Wounds should start healing on the _____ (inside/outside) and work their way ____ (out/in).
|
Inside
Out |
|
_______ is an increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum.
|
Hyperkeratosis
|
|
What are four specific syndromes associated with orthokeratosis?
|
1. Idiopathic seborrhea (excessive crusting, scaliness, and greasiness of the skin)
2. Ichthyosis (genetic defect where skin is thickened and can crack into plates due to increased adherence of keratinocytes [prevents normal desquamination]) 3. Vitamin A deficiency (causes xerophthalmia [dry cornea] because of lack of B-carotene) 4. Zinc responsive dermatitis (defect in metabolism of Zn (1) or inadequate Zn in diet (2)) |
|
What drugs can help cause hepatocutaneous syndrome?
|
Phenobarbital and phenytoin
|
|
Hepatocutaneous syndrome, also called _____ _____ ______, causes hypoaminoacidemia, which is the the presence of abnormally ____ (low/high) concentrations of ______ in the blood.
|
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Low Amino acids |
|
A clinical sign of hepatocutaneous syndrome in older dogs is that the ___ ___ are thickened and contain fissures and crusts. This is due to a _____ (inc/dec) epidermal turn-over due to _____ (inc/dec) availability of AA or the abnormal ___ (what element?) metabolism.
|
Foot pads
Decreased Decreased Zn |
|
Hepatocutaneous syndrome causes epidermal lesions, and also is associated with _____ (liver/kidney/intestinal) disease.
|
Liver
|
|
Hepatocutaneous syndrome causes epidermal crusts and fissures, and also causes _____ in the liver, which causes the collapse of hepatic lobules.
|
Fibrosis
|
|
Acanthosis is a form of _________ (lesion term) that occurs because of hyperplasia, or an increase in _____ of cells in the epidermis.
|
Lichenification
Number |
|
_______ is characterized by premature keratinization of viable cells in the epidermis. Why do epidermal cells stain brightly eosinophilic in this disorder
|
Dyskeriosis
Accumulation of keratin filaments |
|
In what circumstancs is dyskeriosis seen?
|
1. Zn responsive dermatitis
2. Premalignant change in actinic keratitis 3. malignant change in squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Programmed cell death is also called _____. Apoptotic keratinocytes resemble dyskeratotic keratinocytes because they stain _______. In apoptosis, this is because of a condensation of cytoplasmic________.
|
Apoptosis
Eosinophilic Organelles |
|
_____ is abnormal development of the keratinocytes that refers to alteration in size, shape, or organization. If these cells cross the basement membrane, they become _______.
|
Dysplasia
Neoplastic |
|
What are three characteristics of abnormal cells?
|
1. Large nuclei
2. Multi-nucleated cells 3. Giant cells 4. Mitotic figures 5. Variance in cells 6. Vacuoles in cells |
|
______ is the decrease in number and size of cells. What are two causes of this disorder occuring in the skin?
|
Atrophy
1. Cushing's 2. Localized ischemia (necrosis) 3. Severe malnutrition |
|
Spongiosis is _______ edema. What are two causes of spongiosis?
|
1. Staphylococcus sp. (bacteria)
2. Malasezia ap. (fungus) 3. Poxvirus infection (virus) |
|
_______ is the disruption of intercellular junctions. What is a cause of this?
|
Acantholysis
Pemphigus - a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. When autoantibodies attack desmosomes, the cells become separated from each other and the epidermis becomes "unglued", a phenomenon called acantholysis |
|
What are three causes of vesicles?
|
1. Epidermal edema (balooning degeneration)
2. Friction 3. Thermal burns 4. Acantholysis (autoimmune disease) 5. Viral infection (poxvirus) |
|
What are two causes of pustules?
|
1. Bacterial infections
2. Pemphigus (autoimmune) 3. Feline eosinophilic granuloma |
|
Hyperpigmentation occurs with the increased production of ______, or the increase in the number of _______. In addition, an increase in size of _____ granules can produce hyperpigmentation.
|
Melanin
Melanocytes Melanin |
|
What are two causes of hyperpigmentation?
|
1. Chronic inflammation
2. Endocrinopathies (Cushing's) 3. Photosensitivity (certain drugs) |
|
Hypopigmentation can be _____ or _____ (causes). It can also be caused by a deficiency in ______ (mineral).
|
Congenital
Hereditary Copper (Cu) |
|
In dogs and cats, albinism is often associated with hypoplasia of _____ (organ) and _____ (condition).
|
Organ of Corti
Deafness |
|
Hypopigmentation can be caused by a deficiency in cooper. This occurs because copper is needed for the synthesis of _______, which is needed for the synthesis of ______. This type of hypopigmentation is seen with excess ______ or _____ in the diet.
|
Tyrosinase
Melanin Molybdenum Sulfur |
|
______ is a form of genetic hypomelanosis. It results in white patches of skin where there are no _______ or these cells can't produce _____.
|
Piebaldism
Melanocytes Melanin |
|
Pigmentary Incontinence, a type of hypopigmentation, refers to the loss of melanin from what layer of the epidermis? Melanin accumulates in what cells in the dermis?
|
Basilar layer
Macrophages |
|
PIgmentary incontinence is seen in what diseases? Macrophages in the _____ (skin layer) are filled with melanin granules.
|
1. Vitiligo (autoimmune)
2. Chronic inflammation 3. Discoid lupus erythematosus (autoimmune) Macrophages |
|
_____ is a form of hypopigmentation that can be caused by burns, trauma, etc. Melanin is found in the superficial dermis in what cells?
|
Leukoderma
Macrophages |
|
________is the decrease or loss of pigment in hair.
|
Leukotrichia
|
|
Dermal atrophy is a result of a decrease in the number of ______ (cell type) and _____ fibers. What are two clinical signs of this?
|
Fibroblasts
Collagen 1. Thin skin 2. Vascular prominence |
|
What are some causes of dermal atrophy?
|
1. Cushing's
2. Starvation 3. Corticosteroids |
|
Dermal ______ develops in response to chronic injury to the epidermis (primarily chronic ulceration). Which way are collagen fibers and capillaries aligned in relation to the skin?
|
Fibrosis
Collagen fibers are perpendicular to capillaries and to the surface of the skin |
|
What condition develops as a result of dermal fibrosis, in which there is granulation tissue in the place of "normal" tissue? What is this called when there is EXCESSIVE granulation tissue?
|
Scar
Proud flesh (exhuberant granulation tissue) |
|
_____ is an abnormal protein deposit in the skin as a result of primary abnormality of immunocytes.
|
Amyloid
Chronic |
|
Amyloid is derived from components of _________ light chains. The deposition is a result of _______ inflammation.
|
Immunoglobulin
Chronic |
|
AL amyloid is seen in dogs with what condition?
|
Monoclonal gammophathy
or Plasma cell tumors |
|
____ is a jelly-like glycoaminoglycan and is a normal component of the dermal ground matrix. It is produced by dermal_____ (cell).
|
Mucin
Fibroblasts |
|
Mucin readily binds to _____. Excess mucin causes a condition known as ________ and is found in Shar-pei dogs.
|
Water
Mucinosis |
|
Mucinosis is characterized by an excess amount of _____ between ____ fibers.
|
Mucin
Collagen |
|
Mucinosis can also result in _____ formation, because of the swelling.
|
Vesicle
|
|
Thickened dermis (because of excess mucin and water) can cause thin, fragile _____, and a decrease in dermal ____ fibers.
|
Skin
Collagen |
|
Animals with mucinosis (Shar-pei) are likely to develop ____ and ____ infections.
|
Bacterial (Staph)
Yeast (Malassezia) |
|
_____ is symmetrical swelling of facial skin and it may occur because of hypothyroidism.
|
Myxedema
|
|
What is the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the tissues?
|
Calcification (or mineralization)
|
|
What are three causes of calcification in the tissues?
|
1. Dystrophic mineralization
2. Metastatic mineralization 3. Idiopathic mineralization |
|
What endocrinopathy is associated with calcification of tissue?
|
Cushing's Disease
|
|
_____ mineralization (which kind) develops as a result of injury or degeneration of cells.
|
Dystrophic
|
|
Dystrophic mineralization occurs as a result of influx of ____ into injured cells and ____ (inc/dec) tissue pH.
|
Calcium
Decreased |
|
Calcinosis cutis (secondary to Cushing's disease) is an example of which calcification?
|
Dystrophic
(feels like grains of sand in the tissue) |
|
_____ mineralization (which kind) results because of abnormal metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
|
Metastatic
|
|
Uremia secondary to chronic renal disease is an example of which type of mineralization?
|
Metastatic
|
|
Mineralization of the gastric wall is due to which type of mineralization?
|
Metastatic
|
|
Where does mineralization of calcium salts start?
|
Around blood vessels (perivascular)
|
|
Calcification because of unknown causes is known as _________.
|
Idiopathic
|
|
Collagen fibers that are affected with calcification stain what color?
|
Deep blue
|
|
Name one example of idiopathic calcification.
|
Calcinosis circumscripta
|
|
What should you do if an area of tissue is calcified?
|
You should go in and cut it out
|
|
Acute dermatitis involves mainly what two clinical signs?
|
1. Hyperemia
2. Edema |
|
At the microscopic level, acute dermatitis shows what three things?
|
1. Leukocytes in affected area
2. Release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators 3. Vasodilation of arterioles and increased blood flow to capillary beds |
|
Why does edema occur with acute dermatitis?
|
Increased vascular permeability (to let leukocytes out) --> increased leakage of plasma --> edema
|
|
Exudate that leaves the skin associated with acute dermatitis is initially _____, and if the insult persists, the exudate contains _____and that means that endothelial damage has occured.
|
Serous
Blood |
|
Describe the process of leukocytes leaving the bloodstream.
|
Vasoconstriction --> vascular flow slows --> leukocyte adhesion to endothelium --> migration of neutrophils --> macrophages migrate to inflammation
|
|
What are two of the four outcomes of acute dermatitis?
|
1. Complete resolution (minimal tissue damage)
2. Abscess formation (pyogenic bacteria) 3. Healing w/ scar tissue (significant tissue damage) 4. Chronic dermatitis (stimulus & inflammatory response persist) |
|
Microscopically, with chronic dermatitis you see large numbers of what types of cells? What is it called if a large # of neutrophils are present?
|
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells Macrophages Pyogranulomatous |
|
______ dermatitis is caused by repeated or persistent infections.
|
Chronic
|
|
What are a few causes of chronic dermatitis?
|
1. Chronic hypersensitivity reactions
2. Presence of granulotamous-inducing organisms (Tb) 3. Presence of foreign body (keratin/hair) 4. Autoimmune disease (continuous response against host antigens [Lupus erythematous]) |
|
What is the key cell of the inflammatory response? What cytokine stimulates this cell?
|
Macrophage
IFN-gamma |
|
What do macrophages secrete to cause tissue damage?
|
1. Oxygen metabolites
2. Proteases 3. Coagulation factors 4. Growth factors, angiogenesis factors, and collagenases that stimulate fibrosis |
|
What are the three types of dermatitis that were presented in class (not chronic or acute)?
|
1. Perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils
2. Interface dermatitis with lymphocytes and plasma cells 3. Nodular dermatitis |
|
What is an example of perivascular dermatiis with eosinophils?
|
Chronic flea bite dermatitis
|
|
What is an example of interface dermatiis?
|
Lupus erythematosus
|
|
What is an example of nodular dermatitis?
|
Equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis
OR bacterial, fungal, parasitic infections |
|
Describe the histology of equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis.
|
Collagen necrosis, accompanied by eosinophilic granulomatous inflammatory response (possibly a hypersensitivity reaction)
|
|
_____ is the inflammation of the hair follicle.
|
Folliculitis
|
|
What is furunculosis?
|
Hair follicule ruptures and spews into dermis - intense inflammatory response
|
|
Put these in order from beginning to end:
1. Mural folliculitis 2. Perifolliculitis 3. Furunculosis 4. Luminal folliculitis |
2
1 4 3 |
|
What are nonspecific changes that are seen early in the development of many types of folliculitis?
|
Perifolliculitis
|
|
Pemphigus foliaceus (a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes and destroys desmosomes) causes what type of folliculitis?
|
Mural folliculitis
|
|
Demodex causes what type of folliculitis?
|
Interface folliculitis
|
|
Alopecia areata (immune mediated disease) is associated with what type of folliculitis?
|
Bulbitis
|
|
Bacterial (Staph), fungal (Microsporum) and parasitic (Demodex) infections are associated with what type of folliculitis?
|
Luminal folliculitis
|
|
_____ folliculitis is inflammation in the wall of the hair follicle.
|
Mural
|
|
_____ folliculitis is inflammation in the lumen of the hair follicle.
|
Luminal
|
|
_____ is an inherited autosomal recessive trait in which inflammation initially starts in the ducts and spreads to the glands (sebaceous). It is characterized as an _____ disease, and chronic lesions show complete loss of _____ glands, dermal inflammation, and scarring.
|
Sebaceous adenitis
|
|
____ is inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. It is closely associated with folliculitis and furunculosis.
|
Hidradenitis
|
|
____ is inflamation of the SQ adipose tissue. Sterile nodular panniculitis is found in the dachshund and miniature poodle.
|
Panniculitis
|
|
Panniculitis may be primary of secondary. _____ develops secondary to petentrating wound or bacterial/fungal dermatitis. _____ develops with diets high in polyunsaturated fats & low in antioxidates (vit E).
|
Secondary
Primary |
|
____ conditions develop in the fetus and are present at birth.
|
Congenital
|
|
_____ disease are transmitted genetically and may not be manifested at birth but develop later in life.
|
Hereditary
|
|
Ichthyosis can be both inherited and congenital, and the main lesion is _______(thickened skin), and the development of ______(cracks in skin).
|
Hyperkeratosis
Fissures |
|
What is the defect that causes ichthyosis?
|
Increased adherance of keratinocytes (prevents normal desquamination)
|
|
Ionizing radiation causes damage to what cells?
|
Dividing cells in the stratum basale
|
|
When do lesions develop from ionizing radiation?
|
2-4 weeks after initial insult
|
|
____ burn (degree) has vesicles.
|
Second degree
|
|
_____ burn (degree) is like a sunburn.
|
First degree
|
|
_____ burn (degree) resembles an ulcer (showing of dermis).
|
Third degree
|
|
Ionizing radiation resembles a ____ burn (degree).
|
Second degree
|
|
When does radiation damage to the microvascular system appear?
|
Months to years after insult
|
|
What are three of the five results of ionizing radiation injury to the skin?
|
1. Leukotrichia (hair pigment loss)
2. Dermal scarring (loss of adnexal structures) 3. Epidermal atrophy 4. Chronic ulceration 5. Squamous cell carcinoma |
|
____ injuries can develop from direct contact or absorption of substnaces from the GI tract.
|
Chemical
|
|
There are two forms of irritant contact dermatitis. Name them.
|
1. Direct contact (similar to chemical injury)
2. Allergic contact dermatitis (antibodies against antigens?) |
|
Irritant contact dermatitis can be complicated by self-traumitization like _____.
|
Licking
Scratching |
|
___ ___ reaction occur as a result of an injectible vaccine or therapeutic agent that. It causes an intense ______response and formation of a _______.
|
Injection site reaction
Inflammatory Granuloma |
|
Cats injected with certain killed vaccines containing strong adjuvants can result in what strong reactions?
|
Feline injection site sarcoma
|
|
Hepatocutaneous syndrome is also called______.
|
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
|
|
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis sometimes consists of _____.
|
Erosions and ulcers with crusts
|
|
Idiopathic liver disease, as well as phenobarbital or phenytoid can be the cause of _______.
|
Hepatocutaneous syndrome (superficial necrolytic dermatitis)
|
|
Liver lesions associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome include_____.
|
Diffuse interlobar fibrosis and collapse of individual hepatic lobules
|
|
Pemphigus sp. causes ____ (derm term) to form, and is associated with acantholysis.
|
Pustules
|
|
Acantholysis can cause pustules or ______ to form in the epidermis.
|
Vesicles
|
|
Pustules are located below the stratum _____ in the epidermis.
|
Corneum
|
|
Four etiologies of orthokeratosis
|
1. Zinc responsive dermatitis
2. Idiopathic seborrhea 3. Vitamin A deficiency 4. Ichthyosis |
|
Two lesions associated with Ichthyosis.
|
1. Thickened skin (hyperkeratosis)
2. Plates/scales 3. Fissures |
|
Vitamin A definiciency causes what eye problem?
|
Dry cornea (xerophthalmia)
|
|
What are two reasons for Zinc responsive dermatitis?
|
1. Improper Zn metabolism
2. Zn deficiency (nutrition) |
|
What are a few symptoms of seborrhea?
|
1. Crusts
2. Grease 3. Scaling 4. Increased production of corneocytes 5. Hyperproliferation of epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous glands |
|
What causes ichthyosis?
|
Increased adherence of keratinocytes - it prevents normal desquamination.
|
|
Vitamin A deficiency is caused by a lack of ______ in the diet.
|
B-carotene
|
|
What is the morphology of Zn responsive dermatitis?
|
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Scaling Crusting Alopecia |
|
Three causes of epidermal atrophy
|
1. Cushing's
2. Severe malnutrition 3. Localized ischemia |
|
Three causes of spongiosis
|
1. Staph sp
2. Malessezia sp. 3. Poxvirus |
|
Two causes of acantholysis
|
1. Pemphigus foliaceus (subcorneal pustules)
2. Pemphigus vulgaris (spinosum from basale) |
|
How do you treat epidermal crusts?
|
Douse in beta-dine, get crusts off, give penicillin, and give baths often
|
|
Dogs with mucinosis are more susceptible to developing _____ (bacteria) or _____ (fungi) infections because of the excessive skin rolls.
|
Staphylococcus
Malassezia |
|
Dogs with mucinosis develop cutaneous ______.
|
Vesicles
|
|
Mucinosis is characterized as having too much _____ between ____ fibers.
|
Mucin
Collagen |
|
The cause of myxedema in dogs and humans can be _______.
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
To treat myxedema, _____ medication should be given in most cases.
|
Thyroid
|
|
When a dog smells uremic, what is your first R/O?
|
Mineralization (metastatic)
|
|
Chronic uremia causes what type of mineralization?
|
Metastatic calcification
|
|
When collagen fibers are damaged, and they accumulate calcium, this disorder is called_____. The affected collagen fibers stain ____ instead of pink.
|
Idiopathic calcification
Blue |
|
Calcinosis circumscripta (idiopathic calcification) occurs in what three main areas of the body?
|
Tongue
Foot pads Boney prominences |
|
Three lesions seen in acute dermatitis
|
1. Hyperemia (congestion)
2. Pustule 3. Crust 4. Excoriation 5. Epidermal collaratte? |
|
Four causes of chronic dermatitis
|
1. Chronic hypersensitivity
2. Foreign body 3. Granulomatous-inducing organisms 4. Autoimmune disease (lupus erythematous) |
|
How should you treat dermatitis?
|
Shave area, let it dry, antibiotic
|
|
Chronic proliferative interface dermatitis happens when a normal _____ is faced against an inflammed_____.
|
Epidermis
Dermis |
|
Three types of dermatitis
|
1. Perivascular
2. Interface 3. Nodular |
|
Perivascular (acute) dermatitis is usually caused by ______ reaction.
|
Hypersensitivity
(Contact dermatitis) |
|
Interface dermatisis is usually caused by _____ disease.
|
Autoimmune
(Lupus erythematosus) |
|
Nodular dermatitis is usually caused by _____. They can be bacterial, fungal, or ______. Nodular dermatitis can also be caused by equine ______ nodular dermatitis.
|
Infection
Parasitic Collagenolytic |
|
The etiology of equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis is ______.
|
Unknown
=) probably hypersensitivity rxn |
|
Histologically, what does equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis look like?
|
Collagen necrosis, and granulomatous inflammatory response
|
|
Three causes of congenital defects
|
1. Nutritional deficiency
2. Virus (poxvirus) 3. Genetic |
|
What is the disorder called when keratinocytes adhere tightly to the epidermis, and fail to shed? What causes this?
|
Ichthyosis
Genetic disease |
|
What are the two forms of icthyosis that were described in cattle?
Which is fatal? |
1. Ichthyosis fetalis - fatal
2. Ichthyosis congenita |
|
What disorder causes sheets of epidermis to be shed from the skin in scales, and skin lesions become thickened and alopecic?
|
Ichthyosis congenita
|
|
Normal hyperkeratosis of the tongue is seen in what neonate?
|
Foal
|
|
What is the disorder characterized by failure of development of hair follicles, and the absence of hair where it is normally present?
|
Congenital alopecia or atrichia (usually hereditary)
|
|
What disorder is characterized by a sparse hair coat, usually accompanied by other congenital defects?
|
Congenital hereditary hypotrichosis
|
|
Congenital hypotrichosis occurs when there are what problems in 1) pigs, 2) calves, 3) sheep & cattle?
|
1. In utero hog cholera infection
2. In utero BVDV infection 3. Iodine deficiency |
|
A type of hypotrichosis, ____ ____, is characterized by hypotrichosis and hypoplasia of hair follicles, adnexal structures, and teeth.
|
Ectodermal dysplasia
(all these structures develop from same ectodermal origin) |
|
What disorder causes the skin to be loose and tear easily? What causes this disorder? Depending on type/severity, what other signs can you see?
|
Collagen dysplasia (collagen fibers are hapharzardly arranged)
Enzyme deficiencies Abnormal laxity of tendons and joints |
|
What rare disorder can occur in older cats, where the skin becomes extremely thin and fragile? How is it treated?
|
Feline acquired skin fragility syndrome (FASFS)
Not treatable, attempt to repair usually makes it worse |
|
How does FASFS occur? What diseases is it associated with?
|
Unknown pathogenesis
Diabetes mellitus Cushing's Liver disease (hepatic lipidosis) Kidney disease Use of phenytoin or progesterone |
|
What disorder is characterized by the failure of the epithelium, adnexa, oral cavity to completely develop? What is the etiology?
|
Epitheliogeneisis Imperfecta
(Aplastic cutis) Heritable condition or spontaneous congenital lesion |
|
What happens when the basement membrane is disrupted?
|
Can't regenerate epithelium (disrupts epithelial cells in stratum basale)
|
|
What is the condition in which there is excessive hair growth and may be congenital or hereditary?
|
Hypertrichosis
|
|
What virus, when infecting lamsb in utero, causes hypertrichosis?
What viruses (in cattle and hogs) is this virus similar to? |
Border Disease Virus
(Shaker Lamb Disease) BVD (cattle) Hog cholera (pigs) |
|
Hypertrichosis in sheep is also known as _____ lamb disease or _____ lamb disease. Animals with this disease ____ when affected because nervous fibers are _____.
|
Shaker
Hairy Shake Hypomyelinated |
|
Continuous exposure to high temperatures in pregnant ewes can induce in utero ______ in lambs.
|
Hypertrichosis
|
|
"Acral" pertains to what parts of the body?
|
Legs, toes, ears
|
|
____ are lesions caused by self-traumatization (mainly licking).
|
Acral granulomas
|
|
Lesions that occur from acral granulomas include chronic inflammation and ____ dysplasia.
|
Adnexal
(adenxal structures move deep into dermis where they don't belong) |
|
How do you treat lick (acral) granulomas?
|
Cut them out (surgical excision)
|
|
What is the etiology of lick (acral) granulomas?
|
Unknown
(possibly peripheral neuritis causing localized sensation) |
|
How can acral (lick) granuloma lead to foreign body invasion and chronic inflammation?
|
Licking drives keratin and hair deep into dermis - these stimulate foreign body response = chronic immune response
|
|
How do you treat a foreign body granuloma, such as a sliver or other plant material?
|
Cut it out!
Don't just pull it out |
|
What forms in response to a foreign body in the skin?
|
Granuloma
|
|
What are some examples of foreign bodies that can be left in the skin?
|
Plant material
Suture remains Penetrating wounds Ruptured hair follicles (furunculosis) Keratin/hair particle |
|
What is an example of ACUTE damage to the skin by UV light?
|
Sunburn
|
|
What are three examples of CHRONIC damage to skin by UV light?
|
Solar dermatitis
Actinic keratosis (or dermatitis) Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma) |
|
Sunlight directly damages _____ (what cell type) and endothelial cells.
|
Keratinocytes
|
|
UV light damages the DNA in keratinocytes by creating ____ dimers between pyrimidine bases.
|
Thymidine
|
|
When UV light makes a thymidine dimer, the damage can be repaired by an _____. But, if a cell undergoes____ before repair, the development of a neoplasia may occur.
|
Enzyme
Mitosis |
|
UV radiation induces __ cell supressor activity, favoring _____development.
|
T cell
Neoplasia |
|
Solar dermatitis can cause what to happen to the skin?
|
Hyperkeratosis (acanthosis)
Epithelial hyperplasia Dermal fibrosis Invasion of dermis |
|
What are plaque-like growths that occur from UV light (usually on the nose, ear, lips, or eyelids)? What can these lesions later progress into?
|
Keratoses
Squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Photo sensitization is different than actinic kerotosis because actinic kerotosis is caused by damage to DNA in keratinocytes, where photosentization is caused by_______.
|
UV light absobed by molecule in the skin, and this releases energy that produces free O2 radicals. O2 radicals bind to mast cells and cause degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators.
|
|
What does photosensitization cause damage to specifically (in the cell)?
|
Cell membranes, organelles, and nuclei acids in the cell
|
|
There are three types of photosensitization. Type one is due to the ingestion of a ______ agent. Give two plant examples.
|
Photodynamic
(plants are most common source) Buckweat Rape St. John's wart |
|
There are three types of photosensitization. Type two develops secondary to abnormal ____ metabolism which leads to increased tissue and blood levels of _____.
|
Porphyrin
|
|
Who does type two photosensitization generally affect?
|
Cattle
(shorthorn, ayrshire, holstein) |
|
Photosensitization can be caused by the absorption or ingestion of _____ agents through the skin or the _____ system.
|
Photodynamic
Circulatory |
|
How is type two photosensitivity caused?
|
Hereditary
Lack of enzyme to break down uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in the tissues |
|
Who does type one photosensitivity usually affect?
|
Herbivores
|
|
What are two examples of diseases associated with type two photosensitivity in cattle?
|
1. Bovine congenital porphyria (pink tooth)
---(also pigs and cats) 2. Bovine erythrocytic photophyria |
|
What is the condition called that affects cattle, in which teeth and bones turn pink, and bones fluoresce under UV light?
|
Bovine congenital porphyria
|
|
Type 3 photosensitivity is also called _____ photosensitization.
|
Hepatic
|
|
Hepatic photosensitization affects the liver by impairing the hepatic secretion of _______(formed from metabolism of chlorophyll).
|
Phylloerythrin
|
|
Who is most likely affected with type 3 photosensitization?
|
Herbivores
|
|
What are some causes of type 3 photosensitization?
|
1. Primary hepatocellular disease
2. Inherited hepatic defects 3. Bile duct obstruction 4. Toxic plants that cause hepatic disease --> which can lead to photosensitization |
|
The onset of photosensitization after exposure takes only a few ____, and the main signs are cutaneous erythema and ____.
|
Hours
Edema |
|
________ is a mycotoxin found in rye grase that can cause hepatic damage, and subsequent photosensitization.
|
Sporidesmin
|
|
Sporidesmin causes ____ of biliary epithelium and obstructive ________. This is an example of type 3 photosensitization, so failure to excrete ______ occurs.
|
Necrosis
Cholangiohepatitis Phylloerythrin |
|
In sheep that ingest rye grass that is infect with the mycotoxin ______, excessive swelling of the face may occur and is known as "______ ____".
|
Sporidesmin
"Swelled head" |
|
Ionizing radiation resembles a 2nd degree burn, so ___ may develop within the epidermis, damage to hair follicles results in ______, and damage to sebaceous glands is permanent.
|
Bullae (vesicles)
Alopecia |
|
Damage to the MICROvasculature, after ionizing radiation, can occur up to ____ ____ after the insult.
|
One year
|
|
Name 3 irritants that can be absorbed by the body and can cause chemical injury.
|
1. Mercury
2. Thallium 3. Iodine |
|
If you have a reaction to Nickel, you are suffering from an ___ ___ dermatitis.
|
Allergic contact dermatitis
|
|
What is the condition called in which a cat undergoes a reaction to a vaccine and develops a neoplasm?
|
Feline injection site sarcoma
|
|
The rabies virus antigen is found in vessel walls and in follicular epithelial cells. An immune reaction would then cause _____ and ______ (and possible alopecia).
|
Vasculitis
Folliculitis |
|
Vaccines that cause feline injection site sarcoma are usually_____ (killed/MLV/live) vaccines.
|
Killed
|
|
Feline injection site sarcoma from injections as been associated with the development of a similar condition in dogs. What procedure causes this to develop in dogs?
|
Microchip implantation
|
|
Cats that have been previously vaccinated with FELV and rabies in _____-oil adjuvant have a higher incidence of FISS.
|
Aluminum
|
|
Cats previously inject with long-acting penicillin or methyprednisolone have shown a low incidence of developing _____ after a vaccination.
|
Feline injection site sarcoma
|
|
How do you treat a cat affect with feline injection site sarcoma?
|
Complete excise the affected area (with big margins)
|
|
Name three types of sarcomas seen in feline injection site sarcoma.
|
1. Fibrosarcoma (usually)
2. Osteosarcoma 3. Histiocytic sarcoma 4. Neurofibrosarcoma |
|
Which vaccine most commonly causes FISS? Second most common?
|
FeLV
Rabies |
|
Besides getting a vaccine injection, what else helps to cause FISS?
|
Oncogenes (p53 & c-kit [&mdm-2])
Tumor supressor genes |
|
Certain cereal grains, such as barley and rye, contain the fungus ___ ____, which causes ergot toxicity.
|
Claviceps purpurea
|
|
The fungi, claviceps purpurea, infect the grain head, form _____ (compact fungi), and replace the seed head.
|
Sclerotia
|
|
____ are the toxic principles, most commonly ergotamine and ergonovine.
|
Alkaloids
|
|
How do ergot alkaloids cause lesions?
|
Dry gangrene
They stimulate adrenergic nerves --> cause prolonged vasoconstriction, ischemia, and thrombosis of small blood vessels and capillaries |
|
What structures of the body are affected when gangrene attacks the body due to ergot toxicity?
|
Ears, tail, feet
|
|
___ foot is similar to ergot toxicity.
|
Fescue
|
|
Fescue foot is caused by ____ that is produced by the infection of certain strains of fescue grass with the fungus _____ ______.
|
Ergovaline
Neotyphodium coenophialum |
|
Fescue foot can be seen in the winter, when the fungus is found in the dry ___. When pastures are ____ damaged, the incidence increases.
|
Hay
Frost |
|
____ _____is seen when animals ingest plants with high levels of selenium or an overdose of selenium supplement.
|
Selenium toxicosis
|
|
Selenium toxicosis is sometimes associated with ____ weather.
|
Dry
|
|
How does selenium toxicosis work?
|
Se replaces Sulfur-containing molecules (which modifies the structure of keratin and other protein
|
|
Selenium toxicosis is also called ____ ____ by old-timers.
|
Alkali disease
|
|
What species of animals are most likely affected with selenium toxicosis?
|
Cattle
Horses |
|
Name three clinical signs of selenium toxicosis.
|
1. Emaciation
2. Poor quality hair coat 3. Hoof deformities 4. Sloughing of hoof 5. Partial alopecia (tail & mane) |
|
Vetch toxicosis occurs mainly in what two species?
|
Cattle (Angus & Holstein)
Horses |
|
___ ___ is a legum which is cultivated for pasture, hay, and silage.
|
Hairy vetch
|
|
What are three lesions associated with vetch toxicosis?
|
1. Dermatitis
2. Conjunctivitis 3. Diarrhea 4. Granulomatous inflammation in many organs (heart in cattle) |
|
How many weeks does it take for clinical signs of vetch toxicosis to appear?
|
2-4 weeks
|
|
What are three clinical signs of vetch toxicosis?
|
1. Pruritus (itch) --> causes dermatitis and alopecia
2. Diarrhea 3. Emaciation |
|
_____ are epitheliotrophic DNA viruses that affect most mammals and avians. Rarely found in dogs/cats, but ____ virus has been found in cats.
|
Poxviruses
Parapox (contagious ecthyma) |
|
How do poxviruses cause lesions?
|
Invade epithelial cells, cause ischemic necrosis by invading vascular endothelial cells, and stimulate DNA replication which results in epithelial hyperplasia
|
|
The infection of poxvirus can have a systemic or a localized affected. What is one example of systemic poxvirus? Localized?
|
Systemic = monkey pox
Localized = swine pox |