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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the 2 defense systems of the immune system and what do they do
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1. nonspecific(innate)=natural
2. specific(adaptive)= acquired |
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Name 2 2nd lines of defense
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1. inflammation response
2. phaocytosis |
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name 2 3rd lines of defense
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specific immunity and natural killer cells
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Name first line of defenses
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skin, mucous membrane, normal bacterial flora, gastric ph, perspiration, tears, earwax
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inflammatory response is a second line of defense what does it do
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responds within SECONDS- releases chemicals that increases circulation at the site where plasma cells attack antigen
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Phagocytosis is a second line of defense what happens?
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cells ingest and dispose of foreign material...circulating neutrophils esinophils monocytes and macophages
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the immune response is the 3rd line of defense and is specific, what happens?
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slower than inflammatory response, has memory, and is specific. immunity is mediated by immuoglobin, lymphocytes ...the types are innate and adaptive
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5 important points about Innate immunity?
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- early reaction
-can tell self from nonself -unable to distinguish btw pathogens -consists of cellular and biochemical defenses b4 infection -major components are PHAGOCYTIC/NK/PLASMA PROTEINS/CYTOKINES |
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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IS ACQUIRED OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY NAME 5 IMPORTANT POINTS
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- you get it thru previous exposure to infection
- can recognize/distinguish/ react to a large number of microbes and nonmicrobial substances -major component is lymphocyte -humoral immunity= b cells=plasma cells=immuglobulin - cell mediated immunity= t cells=cytotoxic t cells |
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WHat can can stimulate an immune response, contains eptiopes, recognized by existing antibodies, and include bacteria/viruses/fungi/protozoans/ poison ivy/resin
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ANTIGEN(IMMUNOGEN)
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WHAT ARE THE 3 IMMUNE CELLS
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LYMPHOCYTES, ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS, EFFECTOR CELLS
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WHAT ARE GENERATED FROM STEM CELL IN BONE MARROW IN ADULT AND IN LIVER/SPLEEN IN FETUS
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LYMPHOCYTES
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B LYMPHOCYTE
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- MATURE IN BONE MARROW
-10-20% OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES |
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T LYMPHOCYTE
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MATURE IN THYMUS, 60-7O% OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES
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WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CLUSTER DIFFERNTIATION
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- mature b and t cells have surface molecules called CD
-molecules serve to define functional distinct t cell subsets -CD4 T helper= help and enhance response of other t and b cells -CD8 T cytotoxic= kill virus infected cells and tumor cells - HIV destroys CD4 cells |
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MHC MOLECULE
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A CERTAIN FEATURE OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY AND HAS THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BTW THE BODYS OWN MOLECULES AND FOREIGN ANTIGENS
- THE CELL SURFACE MHC MOLECULE THAT CAN TELL SELF FROM NON SELF ARE MHC1= FOUND ON NUCLEATED CELLS MHC2= FOUND ON MACOPHAGES , DENDRITE CELLS AND B LYMPHOCYTES |
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The recognition of a t cell receptor on a cd4 helper is associated with which MHC class
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2
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recognition of a tcr on cd cytotoxic of a viral antigen is associated with which class of MHC
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class 1 on a virus infected cell
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what is the function of T cell?
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- its cell mediated
-control of viral infections/ rejection of foreign tissue graphs/delayed hypersensitivity reactions -CD4 is a type is the master switch for immune system, secrete cytokines and affect all immune cells CD8 is a type that destroys target cells |
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T helper cells CD4 secrete----- that attract-----
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cytokines; CD8 cytotoxic cells
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Name the three cells involved with a humoral response
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b lymphocytes, plasma cells, immuloglobulins (antibodies)
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what is the function of a b cell?
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change into plasma cells that produce antibodies that travel in the blood and interact with circulating and cell surface antigens
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what are immunoglobulins?
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special class of proteins called antibodies(five classes G,A,M,D,E)
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What are the functions of immuoglobulins?
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1. nuetralize bacterial toxins/viruses 2. activate inflammatory response 3.. opzonasztion of bacteria
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what is the function of IgG?
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most abundant and protects against bacteria,viruses, toxins.
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what is the function of IgA
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found in tears, saliva, colostrum, ect
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what is the function of IgM
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first one present in newborn and first circulating one to appear in response to an antigen
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what is function of IgD
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on cell membrane of b lymphocyte
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what is the function of IgE
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invovled in inflammatory and allergic response and combating parasite infections
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Fully developed at birth and gradually regresses and replaced with fat tissue, some thymus persists into old age
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Thymus
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what are cytokines
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regulating proteins produced in ALL stages of an immune response
Modulate the movement, proliferation, and differentiation of leukocytes Named for the cell that produces them: Lymphokines Monokines More specifically named by the international nomenclature (i.e., interleukins 1-30). Interferons (IFNs) - interferes with virus multiplication) Includes – interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factor |
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explain active immunity
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you get it thru having the disease or getting immunization..depends on the response to the antigen..long term protection
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explain passive immunity
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- transfered from another soure
-mom to baby--IgG crosses placenta to protect in the first 3-6 months of life -breast milk -short term protection |
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what is Chemotaxis
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Release of chemical at injured site that attract leukocytes to injured site
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what are the cardinal signs of inflammatory response
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redness,swelling,heat,pain,loss of function and is a nonspecific response
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what happens in the vascular stage in inflammatory response
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constricts then dialtes--capillary permeability(fluid moves into tissue)--clotting of blood in small capillaries at injury site
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what is acute inflammation marked by
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phagocytic WBC(leucocytes)
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what is released at the celular level in inflammation
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granulocytes and monocytes
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what is the function of Neutrophils
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white blood cell and primary phagocyte
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esoniphils function
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increase in allergic reactions and parasite infections
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Granulocytes
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a wbc with 3 types(nuetro,eso,baso) have multilobed nuculei
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what are inflammatory mediators
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s/s of inflammation that are produced by chemical mediators that come from plasma cells
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Plasma Protease
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consists of kinins (bradykinin causes capillary permeability and pain), activated complement protein, clotting factors
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Histamine
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causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries
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Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
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Prostaglandins- cause vasodilation, permeability, pain and fever – NSAIDS work here
Leukotriens – same action as histamine but cause slow sustained response – slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) – Singular works here |
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Cytokines
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interleukins, interferons, TNF
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Nitric Oxide
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relaxes smooth muscle, reduces platelet aggregation, aids in leukocytes recruitment
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Platelet-activating factor
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induces platelet aggregation
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Mast cells function
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cells, which synthesize and store histamines, found in most body tissues, particularly just below the epithelial surfaces, serous cavities and around blood vessels. In an allergic response, an allergen stimulates the release of antibodies, which attach themselves to mast cells. and is similar to basophil and produce symptoms with allergic reaction
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local manifestations of inflammation
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Range from swelling and the formation of exudate to abscess formation
Exudates Serous – watery fluid (plasma) Hemorrhagic – RBC’s Fibrinous – fibrinogen (thick, sticky meshwork) Purulent (suppurative) contains pus, which is degraded WBC’s, protein, tissue debris Abscess formation |
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Systemic Effects Inflammation
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Leukocytosis
Fever Increase in circulating plasma proteins Sepsis and septic shock |
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Systemic Effects Inflammation in detail
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Leukocytosis
WBC’s 15,000 to 20,000 Shift to left ↑ bands (immature neutrophils), and cytokines (IL-1) stimulate production of WBC’s Viral infections usually cause neutropenia Allergic responses –increase in eosinophils Fever – due to cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, &TNF) Lymphadenitis – painful palpable nodes Sepsis - Septic shock |
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what are the major mediators involved in the allergic response
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inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells
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what is type 1 hypersensitivity immune response
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Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)
Triggered by an the binding of an allergen to a specific IgE found on the surface of mast cells or basophiles Examples: Anaphylaxis (systemic or local) Allergic rhinitis Food allergy- seafood, nuts, etc. |
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Initial (first exposure) sensitization to an allergen stimulates B lymphocytes to produce IgE from plasma cells.
The IgE coats the surface of the mast cell by binding with IgE–specific crystalline fragment (Fc) receptors on the mast cell's plasma membrane. Second exposure to the same allergen cross–links the surface–bound IgE and causes degranulation of the mast cell. The late phase occurs 2 to 8 hours later without additional exposure to antigen. The last phase has more intense filtration of tissues with eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and helper T cells. |
mechanism of type 1
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Types
Atopic - Localized reaction A genetically determined hpersensitivity to common environmental allergens Anaphylaxis - Systemic disorders A systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction |
types of immune response 1
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Destruction of a target cell through the action of antibody (IgG or IgM) against a target cell
Examples: Mismatched blood transfusion reaction Newborn ABO or Rh incompatibility Certain drug reactions |
Type II, Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity
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Acquired immune dysfunction, caused by the HIV retrovirus that attacks the CD4 T lymphocytes; Retrovirus – carries genetic information in RNA
Bind to surface of target cell, injects RNA into target cell RNA converted to DNA, injects into target cell’s genetic material May remain dormant |
AIDS
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treatment for AIDS
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NARTI
Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Abacavir, Zudovidine (AZT) NNRTI Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Sustiva, Rescriptor PI Protease Inhibitors Crixivan, Viracept |
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The crystal violet of gram stain is precipitated by Gram iodine and is trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria
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Gram positive = Purple
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bacteria are visualized by the red counter stain The decolorizer dispenses the gram-negative outer membrane and washes the crystal violet from the thin layer of peptidoglycan.
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Gram-negative
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Bacteria can be categorized according to gram stain
Organisms that stain purple = gram positive Gram positive organisms have thicker outer cell capsule Organisms that stain red = gram-negative Gram negative have a two cell membranes |
gram stain
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Gram positive organisms have thicker outer cell capsule made of Peptidoglycan
Gram negative organisms have a cell wall that is more complex with two cell membranes, making it more difficult to treat |
wall structure and gram stain
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Staphylococci
Inhabit most peoples skin Cause local topical infections (impetigo, acne) Streptococci Pneumonia “Strep throat” Treat with penicillin-like medications - inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan wall |
gram stain
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p wave
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atrial depolarization-
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QRS
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ventricular depolarization
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T wave
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when ventricles relax
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