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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Alimentary Canal Organs (GI Tract)
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mouth, pharynx,esophogus,stomach, small intestin, and large intestine
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What are the accessorary digestive organs?
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the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and a number of large digestive glands: the salivery glands, liver, and pancreas
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Ingestion
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Taking in food
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Propulsion
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moves food through the alimentary canal. Includes swallowing, and persitalis
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Persitalis
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the major means of propuldion,involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls
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Mechanical digestion
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physically prepares food for chemicla digestio by enzyme
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What does mechanical digestion include?
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chewing, mixing food,churning food in the stomache,or rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine.
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Segmentation
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mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficacaey of absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of food mass over the intestinal wall
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Chemical digestion
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a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blcks by enzymes secreted into lumen of the alimentary canal. Begins in the mouth and is essential complete in the small intestine
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Absorption
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passage of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph. Small intestine = major absorption site
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Defication
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eliminates indigestable substances from the body via the anus, in the form of feces
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Digestive activity is provoked by a range of______and _____stimuli
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mechanical and chemical stimuli
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Where are the sensors located?
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in the walls og the GI tract
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Controls of digestive activity are bolth ____ and _____
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extrinsic and intrinsic
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short reflexes are mediated by
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the local plexus( the so called gut brain) in response to GI tract stimuli
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Defication
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eliminates indigestable substances from the body via the anus, in the form of feces
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Digestive activity is provoked by a range of______and _____stimuli
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mechanical and chemical stimuli
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Where are the sensors located?
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in the walls og the GI tract
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Controls of digestive activity are bolth ____ and _____
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extrinsic and intrinsic
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short reflexes are mediated by
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the local plexus( the so called gut brain) in response to GI tract stimuli
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Long Reflexes
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are initiated by stimuli inside or outside of the GI tract and involve CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves
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NErve Fibers that excite smooth muscle generally secrete?
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acetycholine or substance P
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Nerve fibers that innhibit smooth muscle release
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vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitirc oxide
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The most extenive membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity is?
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peritoneum
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The visceral peritoneum covers ___?
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the external surfaces of modt digestive organs and is continuous with parietal peritoneum that lines the body wall
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Between the two peritoniums is the?
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paritoneum cavity , a slitlike potential space containg serous fluid, which lubricates the mobile digestive organs
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Mesentery
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a double layer of peritoneum (a sheet of tewo serous membranes fused back to back) that extends to the digestive organs from the bidy wall
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What do mesentaries do?
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provide routes for blood vessels and lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera; hold organs in place;and store fat
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retroperitoneal organs
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organs that don't have a mesentary
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Intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs
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Organs that keep their mesentary
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splanchnic circulation
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arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation normally receive one quarter of cardiac output
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4 Layers of the GI Tract
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(1)mucosa(2)submucosa(3)muscularis externa (4)serosa
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mucosa
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the inner most layer, a moist epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from the mouth to the anus
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What are the major functions o fthe mucosa?
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(1) secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones (2)absorption of the end products of digestion into blood(3) protection against infectious disease
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What are the three sublayers of the submucosa?
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(1)a lining epethelium(2)a lamina propria(3)a muscularis mucosae; typically the epethelium of the mucosa is a simple columnar
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the lamina propria
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underlies the epithelum, is loose areolar connective tissue
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the submucosa
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just external to the mucosa, is a moderatley dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic follicles and nerve fibers .... also it is what enables the stomache to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal
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the muscularis externa
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just deep to the submucosa, this layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. Has smooth muscle, also has shpicters that act as valves, perventing the backflow of food.
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The serosa
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the protective outer most layer of the intraperitoneal organs. It is the VISCERAL PERITONEUM. it is formed of areolar connective tissue, covered with mesothelium
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Adventia
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in the esophogus, this is what the serosa is replaced with. It is an ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophogus to surrounding structures
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enteric neurons
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alimentary canal nere supply; constitutes the bulk of the two major intrinsic nerve plexuses; found in the walls of the alimentary canal; the submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses
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the submucosal nerve plexus
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occupies the submucosa, includes sensory as well as motor neurons; cheifly regulates that activity of glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
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the myentric nerve plexus
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lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle alyers of the muscular externa. control GI tract motility
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What is the only part of the alimentary canal that is NOT involved in ingestion?
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the mouth
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the mouth
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the oral cavity or buccal cavity
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lips
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labias
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what forms the buccinator muscles?
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the orbicularis oris muscles
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vestibule
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the recess bounded externally by the lips and cheeks and internally by the gums and teeth
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the labial frenulum
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a median fold that joins theinternal aspect of each lip to the gum
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the hard palate
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the tongue forces food agains it during chewing
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the soft palate
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mobile fold formed mostly of skelital muscle- it closes off the nasopharynx when we swallow
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Bolus
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compacted food mixed with suliva
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ankyloglossia "tongue-tied"
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chilldren born with extreamly short lingual frenulum, because of speech distortions.
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filiform papillae
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gives the tongue its roughness
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What is the job of saliva?
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(1)cleanses the mouth(2)disolves food(3)moistens food and aids in compacting it into a bolus(4)contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy food
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Most saliva is produced by?
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the extrinsic salivery glands
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LOOK @ YOUR SALIVERY GLANDS ESSAY
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DO IT!
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Mumps
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inflamation of the paratoid glands i nadult males 25% the testes will be infected
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the average output of saliva is
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1000-1500ml/day
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what is saliva primarily controlled by?
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the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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salivery nuclei
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located in the pons and medulla
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What nerves fire increased salivery output?
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VII & IX
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What are salivery gland nerves most activated by?
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acidic substances
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mastication
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chewing
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What age are both sets of teth normally formed by?
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21
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deciduous teeth
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baby teeth age 6 months, fall out between ages 6-12
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third molars
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wisdom teeth ages 17-25
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How many permanent teeth are there?
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usually 32
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impacted tooth
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when a tooth remains embeded in the jaw bone
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incisors
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adapted for cutting or nipping off the food
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canines
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cuspids or eye teeth,tear and peirce
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premolars/ molars
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bicuspids grinding or crushing
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Dental formula
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shorthand way of indicating the relative numbers and positions of the different types of teeth: ratio uppers/lowers for one half of the mouth the nmultiply by 2 for the hole mouth
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dental formual
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[(2I(incisors),1C(canine),2PM(premolar), 3M(molar)] / " " (bottom))] X 2
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Gingiva
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gum
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the neck
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what connects the crown and root of the tooth
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cementum
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what the outer surface of the root is covered by, it is a calcified connective tissue
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periodontal ligament
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anchors the tooth in the bony alveolus of the jaw, forming the fibrous joint called a gomphosis.
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Dentin
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a bonelike material, underlies the enamel cap, forms the bulk of the tooth
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pulp
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collective blood vessels and connective tissue
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odontoblast
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the cell type that secretes and maintains the dentin
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dental caries
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rottenness or cavities
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calcus
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tarter
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Froom the mouth the food passes into ___and then into ___
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laryngopharynx and then into the oropharynx, both common passageways for food and air
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the esophogus
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carries food, is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
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Heart burn
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the sign of GERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaase, when gastric juic regurgitates into the esophogus
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