Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hormones that are transported in the blood to reach target cells are called _______. |
endocrine |
|
Associated with the autonomic nervous system are _________ that elaborate a variety of peptide hormones. |
Paranganglia |
|
The pituittary gland is positioned in the sella turcica at the base of the skull and is contained of what two separate glands? What composes them? |
-Anterior pituitary: aka adenohypophysis; made up of pars distalis, pars intermedia and parts tuberalis -posterior pituitary: aka pars nervosa; made up of infundibular stem/ stalk and median eminence |
|
-_________: aka adenohypophysis; made up of pars distalis, pars intermedia and parts tuberalis -_________: aka pars nervosa; made up of infundibular stem/ stalk and median eminence |
anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary: Pars Distalis (what 6 hormones does it produce?) |
-releases growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
Anterior Pituitary: Pars Distalis (what 5 cell types composes it and what hormones do they produce? Which ones are considered Acidophils/ basophils?) |
Acidophils -Somatotrophs (GH) -Lactorophs (PRL) Basophils -Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) -Corticotrphs (ACTH) -Thyrotrophs (TSH) |
|
Acidophils of Pars Distalis (Anterior pituitary) |
-somatotrophs (GH) -Lactotrophs (PRL) |
|
Basophils of Pars Distalis (Anterior Pituitary) |
-Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH) -Corticotrophs (ACTH) -Thyrotrophs (TSH) |
|
What allows for rapid response in the pars distalis? |
The fenestrated endothelial cells of PD's capillary network; it allows rapid passage of hormones and enables diffusion towards cells releasing factors transported via hypophyseal portal system |
|
Pars Tuberalis of Anterior Pituitray |
-a collar of cells around the infundibular stalk -leads from capillaries from median hypothalamic eminence to the pars distalis -provides vascular linkage between hypothalamic neurons and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary |
|
Pars Tuberalis of Anterior Pituitray releases what hormones? |
TSH-releasing Hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibitory factors: somatostatin and dopamin NOTE: provides vascular linkage between hypothalamic neurons and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary |
|
Blood leaves the anterior and posterior pituitary via small ___________. |
Hypophyseal veins |
|
Par Intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary |
-poorly developed -contains colloidal cysts -produce melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), a secondary product of POMC (proopiomelanocortin) from which ACTH derives |
|
Posterior Pituitary (Pars Nevosa) |
-releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin -composed of unmeylinated cells -contains nuclei pituicytes and neurosecretory vesicles -contains Herring Bodies and nuceli of pituicytes |
|
Nuclei w/in the posterior pituitary are the _________, which are supportive astrocyte-like glial cells (don't produce hormones). |
nuclei of pituicytes |
|
Herring's bodies |
Neurosecretory vesicles within bulbous structures that axons of the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) extend into |
|
The thyroid gland |
-multi-lobed gland made of a series of follicles, surrounding by a colloid -cells between the follicles produce calcitonin -its epithelium secretes thyroglobulin, which generates they thyroid hormones |
|
Blood supply to the thyroid is via the _____________ (from the thyrocervical trunk) and the _________ (from the external carotid artery). Drainage is from the ________ (to the subclavian vein) and the ____________ (to the jugular vein) |
-inferior thyroid artery -superior thyroid artery -inferior thyroid artery -superior thyroid vein |
|
What generates the thyroid hormones? Where is it produced |
thyroglobulin; produced in thyroid's epithelium |
|
Thyroglobulin |
-rich in tyrosine residues -generates the thyroid hormones -produced in thyroid's epithelium -the sites of iodination and modification to generate the thyroid hormones |
|
Colloid |
the central chamber of follicles within the thyroid gland; it's the storage site for thyroid's hormones |
|
Vasculatrion around thyroid's follicles enables what? |
iodide pumping from the blood and conversion to iodine to release thyroid hormones into the blood |
|
C-cells |
-Calcitonin -decreases release of calcium from bones (down regulates osteoclastic activity) -acts oppositely to parathyroid hormone (which increases calcium levels in blood) -produced by follicles of thyroid glands |
|
What are the 3 main cell types of parathyroid glands? |
-Chief Cell- produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) -Oxyphil Cells- contains mitochondria -Adipose Cells |
|
PTH |
-produced by chief cells w/in the parathyroid gland -increases osteoclast release of Ca++ -increases Ca++ uptake in the GI tract and kidney |
|
The adrenal gland houses what 2 organs? |
-the cortex and medulla |
|
Vascularization of Adrenal Gland (6 steps) |
-uperior/ middle/ inferior suprarenal arteries> -short cortical arteries > -outer subcapsular arterial plexus> -medullary region> -central medullary vein> -supraarenal vein> |
|
The cortex of the adrenal gland |
-produces/ releases steroids; high lipid count -composed of 3 layers: Zona glomerulosa, Z faciculata & Z reticularis -produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and Androgens |
|
Zona Glomerulosa, Z. fasciculata & Z reticularis produces what hormones |
FROM OUTER TO INNER CORTEX LAYER Z. Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Z. fasciculata- glucocorticoids (cortisol) Z. reticularis- androgens |
|
Which layers of the of the cortex of the adrenal gland are regulated by ACTH and angiotensin system? |
FROM OUTER TO INNER CORTEX LAYER *Z. Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) $Z. fasciculata- glucocorticoids (cortisol) $Z. reticularis- androgens *AS $ACTH |
|
Mitochondria of the Cortex layer of the adrenal gland have tubular cristae characteristic of __________ cells. |
steroidogenic NOTE: The cortex produces/ releases steroids; high lipid count |
|
The medulla of the Adrenal Gland (describe/ what hormones? |
-AA derived hormones -epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenalin) and enkephalins -arranged as venous channels/ sinusoids that drain toward the central medullary vein -under sympathetic/ parasympathetic control |
|
T/F: The cortext of adrenal gland is involved with AA derived hormones while the medulla is involved in steroid/ high lipid count |
False; Medulla= AA derived Hormones Cortex= steroid/ high lipid count |