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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What system is where neurons release neurotransmitters?
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Nervous System
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What system releases hormones into blood?
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Endocrine System
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What system is where the effectors are neurons, muscles, or glands?
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Nervous System
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What system is where the effectors is all body cell types?
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Endocrine System
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What system has faster responses?
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Nervous System
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What system has slower and longer lasting responses?
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Endocrine System
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How are hormones transported?
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Bloodstream
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Hormones affect _____ cells with _____ receptors?
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– Target
– Specific |
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Target cells may contain _____ _____ of receptors, permitting cell to respond to more than _____ hormone?
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– Many Types
– 1 |
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With the control of hormone secretions, release occurs in _____ burst?
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Short
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The control of hormone secretions are regulated by what steps?
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– Signals from Nervous System
– Chemical Changes in Blood – Other Hormones |
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Most signals from the nervous system are controlled by what type of feedback?
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Negative
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With chemical changes in blood, blood Ca2 affect _____ hormone release?
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Parathyroid
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Major link between nervous and endocrine system?
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Hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibiting hormones through a series of _____ _____?
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– Anterior
– Blood Vessels |
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The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by a _____ contraction?
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– Posterior
– Neural |
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Portions of the pituitary gland?
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– Anterior
– Posterior |
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The pituitary gland is located in a depression in what bone?
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Sphenoid Bone
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The pituitary gland is attached to the?
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Hypothalamus
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What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?
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– Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
– Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH) – Follicle – Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Prolactin (PRL) – Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) – Melanocyte – Stimulating Hormone (MSH) |
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What are the actions of hGH (human growth hormone)?
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– Stimulates Protein Synthesis
– Produces ATP (fuel available for growth) |
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When hGH stimulates protein synthesis it maintains _____ & _____ mass?
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– Muscle
– Bone |
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When hGH stimulates protein synthesis it promotes _____ of injuries, and _____ repair?
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– Healing
– Tissue |
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When hGH produces ATP (fuel available for growth) it breaks down liver _____ and fats, increasing _____ _____ levels?
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– Glycogen
– Blood Glucose |
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Disorders of hGH?
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– Pituitary Dwarfism
– Giantism |
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Hyposecretion of hGH is what disorder?
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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Hypersecretion of hGH is what disorder?
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Giantism
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What does TSH stimulates?
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Thyroid Gland
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What does FSH stimulates?
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Ovaries and Testis
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What does LH stimulate?
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Ovaries and Testis
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What does PRL stimulate?
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Milk Production
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What does ACTH stimulates?
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Adrenal Cortex
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The posterior pituitary does not produce _____?
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Hormones
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The posterior pituitary only _____ and releases (secretes) _____ hormones?
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– Stores
– 2 |
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What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
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– Oxytocin (OT)
– Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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With the posterior pituitary, _____ from the hypothalamus control release of stored hormones?
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Neurons
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Oxytocin stimulates what?
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– Muscle Contractions of the Uterus during Childbirth
– Milk Ejection" let down" |
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Oxytocin (OT) is controlled by what type of feedback?
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Positive
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With the posterior pituitary when do ADH levels increase?
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During Dehydration
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During dehydration _____ retain more water, decreasing _____ production?
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– Kidneys
– Urine |
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During dehydration, you have _____ sweating?
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Decreased
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During dehydration _____ _____ constrict, increasing blood pressure?
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Blood Vessels
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What problem would you have if you had defects in ADH secretion or receptors with high urine output?
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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Inferior to Larynx (voice box)
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The thyroid gland structure contains what 2 types of cells?
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– Follicular Cells
– Parafollicular Cells |
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With the thyroid gland, follicular cells produce what?
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– Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Thyroxine (T4) |
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With the thyroid gland, parafollicular cells produce what?
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Calcitonin (CT)
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What are the thyroid hormone functions?
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– Increase Metabolic Rate (T3 & T4) (thyroxine)
– Decreases "Tones Down" Blood Ca2+ (calcitonin) |
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With thyroid hormone functions, what increases metabolic rate?
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T3& T4 (thyroxine)
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With T3& T4(thyroxine) it increases metabolic rate, and _____ is used by cells?
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Oxygen
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Disorders with T3 and T4?
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– Myxedema
– Graves' Disease |
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Hypothyroidism, decreased heart rate and respiratory rate, and low body temperature is what disorder?
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Myxedema
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Hyperthyroidism, increased heart rate and respiratory rate is what disorder?
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Graves' Disease
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Decreased heart and respiratory rate and low body temperature is what?
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Hypothyroidism
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Increased heart and respiratory rate is what?
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Hyperthyroidism
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With thyroid hormone function, what decreases " tones down" blood Ca2+?
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Calcitonin
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When calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+, it _____ osteoclast activity, and _____ remains in the bone?
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– Inhibits
– Calcium |
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Does calcitonin strengthened or weakened bones?
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Strengthens
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Calcitonin is commonly used to treat what?
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Osteoporosis
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Calcitonin is controlled by _____ _____ levels?
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Blood Ca2+
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Calcitonin is antagonistic to what hormone?
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Parathyroid
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The parathyroid gland is located where?
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Posterior to Thyroid Gland
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The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases what?
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Blood Ca2+
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When PTH increases blood Ca2+ it _____ osteoclast activity and break down _____?
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– Stimulates
– Bone |
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When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it _____ Ca2+, loss in urine?
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Slows
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When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it stimulates production of _____?
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Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
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When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it stimulates production of calcitriol, and increases Ca2+ absorption in the _____ _____?
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GI Tract
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Where is the pancreas located?
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Posterior to Stomach
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The pancreas is both an _____ and _____ organ?
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– Exocrine
– Endocrine |
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With the pancreas what are the 2 types of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)?
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– Alpha Cells
– Beta Cells |
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What type of endocrine cell produces glucagon?
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Alpha Cells
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What type of endocrine cell produce insulin?
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Beta Cells
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With pancreatic islets, low blood glucose stimulates _____ release?
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Glucagon
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With pancreatic islets, glucagon stimulates _____breakdown, increasing _____ _____?
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– Glycogen
– Blood Glucose |
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With pancreatic islets, high blood glucose stimulates _____ release?
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Insulin
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With pancreatic islets, and high blood glucose insulin stimulates glycogen _____ by permitting glucose into liver cells, _____ blood glucose?
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– Synthesis
– Decreasing |
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Insulin stimulates excessive _____ to produce _____?
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– Glycogen
– Fat |
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Pancreatic islets disorder, and most common endocrine disorder is what?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes mellitus is the inability to _____ or _____ insulin and blood glucose levels increase "spilling" into _____?
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– Produce
– Use – Urine |
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Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are _____ of diabetes mellitus?
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Hallmarks
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What are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?
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– Type I
– Type II |
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Which type of diabetes mellitus is autoimmune and beta cells are destroyed?
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Type I
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Which type of diabetes mellitus is most common, and controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss?
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Type II
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Which type of diabetes mellitus is most non-insulin dependent, and target cells become less sensitive to insulin?
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Type II
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Where is the adrenal (suprarenal) glands located?
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Superior to Kidneys
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What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?
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– Outer Cortex
– Inner Medulla |
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Which of the 2 regions of the adrenal gland has 3 zones and all produce steroids?
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Outer cortex
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What are all the 3 zones of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland?
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– Outer
– Middle – Inner |
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What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?
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Outer
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What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
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Middle
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What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has androgens (testosterone)?
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Inner
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Mineralocorticoids?
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Aldosterone
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Glucocorticoids?
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Cortisol
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Androgens?
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Testosterone
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RAA stands for?
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Renin – Angiotension – Aldosterone
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With the RAA pathway a dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce _____?
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Aldosterone
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A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone an increase _____ and _____ reabsorption (retention) from urine and to blood?
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– Na+ (sodium)
– H2O |
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A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and increases _____ (_____) of K+ (potassium) into urine?
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-Excretion
-Removal |
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A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and _____ blood volume and blood pressure?
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Increases
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Glucocorticoid (cortisol) increases blood _____ during stress?
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Glucose
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Glucocorticoid (cortisol) has what effect?
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Anti-inflammatory
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Glucocorticoid (cortisol) suppresses?
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Immune system
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Glucocorticoid (cortisol) suppresses immune system for organ _____?
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Transplants
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Glucocorticoid (cortisol) disorders?
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– Cushing's Syndrome
– Addison's Disease |
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What glucocorticoid disorder has hypersecretion of cortisol and causes hyperglycemia and weight gain?
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Cushing's Syndrome
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What glucocorticoid disorder has hyposecretion of cortisol and causes hypoglycemia and weight loss?
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Addison's Disease
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With androgens, males and females secrete _____ amounts?
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Small
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After _____, all female estrogens come from adrenal _____?
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– Menopause
– Androgens |
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The adrenal medulla is the _____ portion of adrenal glands?
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Inner
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The adrenal medulla enhances _____ nervous system?
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Sympathetic
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When the adrenal medulla enhances the sympathetic nervous system it releases _____ and _____?
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– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine |
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When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine it _____ heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate?
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Increases
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When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine it increases blood glucose for _____ production?
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ATP
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Ovaries and testis produce _____?
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Gametes (sperm & eggs)
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With ovaries and testis males have?
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Testosterone
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With ovaries and testis females have?
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– Estrogen
– Progesterone |
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The pineal gland is located where?
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Brain
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The pineal gland produces _____ and promotes _____?
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– Melatonin
– Sleep |
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Pineal gland disorder?
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(SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Sad is a type of _____, when theres an overproduction of melatonin?
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Depression
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The stress response occurs during _____ or _____ _____ stresses (disturbances)?
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– Extreme
– Long-Lasting |
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What are the 3 stages of stress response?
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– Initial (fight or flight)
– Resistance – Exhaustion |
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With stress responses, the initial (fight or flight) stage has what type of response?
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Sympathetic Response
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With stress responses, the resistant stage has what type of response?
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Endocrine Response
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With stress responses, exhaustion may result in _____ if the stress continues?
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Death
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