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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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- the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts
- "a cutting up" |
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Dissection
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- the principal technique used to isolate and study the structural components or parts of the human body
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Physiology
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- the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
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Disease
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- conditions that result from abnormalities of the body structure or function that prevent the body from maintaining the internal stability that keeps us alive and healthy
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Pathology
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- the scientific study of disease
- uses principles of anatomy and physiology to determine the nature of particular diseases |
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Levels of body organization
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- move from the least complex (chemical) to the most complex (organism level)
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Organization
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- one of the most important characteristics of body structure
- the body itself is a single structure, but it is made up of trillions of smaller structures - cells, tissues, organs, systems |
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Chemical Level
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- atoms and molecules
- the existence of life depends on the proper levels and proportions of many chemical substances in the cells of the body |
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Cells
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- the smallest "living" units of structure and function in our bodies
- they are still very complex |
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Tissues
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- somewhat more complex than cells
- an organization of many cells (can be different types) that act together to perform a common function and/or form structure - cells are held together by varying amounts and varieties of gluelike, nonliving intercellular substances |
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Organs
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- larger and even more complex than tissues
- a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so they can act together as a unit to perform a special function - most organs are gross (large) structures |
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Systems
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- the most complex units that make up the body
- an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body |
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Anatomical Position
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- the way the body moves, its posture, or the relationship of one area when the body as a whole is in a specific position
- when the body is an erect or standing postion with the arms at the side and palms turned forward - a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions - uses directional terms |
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Prone
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- used to describe the body when it is not in the anatomical position
- when the body is lying face downward |
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Supine
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- used to descrbe the body when it is not in the anatomical position
- when the body is lying face upward |
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Superior
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- towards the head
- upper or above |
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Inferior
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- towards the feet
- lower or below |
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Anterior
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- front or in front of
- ventral |
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Posterior
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- back or in back of
- dorsal |
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Medial
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- towards the midline of the body
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Lateral
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- towards the side of the body or away from its midline
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Proximal
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- toward or nearest the trunk of the body
- nearest the point of origin of one of its parts |
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Distal
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- away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
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Superficial
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- nearer the surface
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Deep
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- farther away from the body surface
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Body Planes
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- subdivisions of body
- facilitates the study of individual organs and the body as a whole |
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Sagittal
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- a lengthwise plane running down from front to back
- divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides |
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Midsagittal
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- divides the body into two equal halves
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Frontal
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- Coronal
- a lengthwise plane running from side to side - divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions |
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Transverse
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- a horizontal or crosswise plane
- divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions |
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Body Cavities
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- the body is not a solid structure
- it is made up of open spaces or cavities that contain compact, well-ordered arrangements of internal organs |
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Two major body cavities
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- ventral and dorsal
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Upper Ventral Cavity
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- includes the thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and the pleural cavity
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Lower Ventral Cavity
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- includes the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity (together form the abdominopelvic cavity)
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Diaphragm
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- separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- a muscular sheet - dome-shaped - the most important muscle for breathing |
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Mediastinum
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- a midportion of the thoracic cavity
- physically separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity - includes the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and blood vessels |
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Pleural Cavities
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- subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
- on the either side of the thoracic cavity - includes the lungs |
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- made up of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
- there isn't an actual physical partition - separated in 4 quadrants |
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Thoracic Cavity
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- chest cavity
- includes the mediastinum and the pleural cavities |
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4 Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- right upper or superior
- right lower or inferior - left upper or superior - left lower or inferior - frequently used for locating the origin of pain or describing the location of a tumor or other abnormality |
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9 Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- Upper Regions
- Middle Regions - Lower Regions |
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Upper Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- Right Hypochondriac Region
- Left Hypochondriac Region - Epigastric Region - lies above the abdomen at the level of the ninth rib cartilages |
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Middle Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- Right Lumbar Region
- Left Lumbar Region - Umbilical Region - lies below the ninth rib cartilages and above the top of the hip bones |
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Lower Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- Right Iliac Region
- Left Iliac Region - Hypogastric Region - lies below the hip bones |
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Dorsal Cavity
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- includes the cranial and spinal cavities
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Cranial Cavity
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- the space inside the skull that contains the brain
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Spinal Cavity
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- the space inside the spinal column
- contains the spinal cord |
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Pelvic Cavity
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- includes the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine
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Abdominal Cavity
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- includes the lower (sigmoid) colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
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