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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
oxygen revolution
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between about 2 billion and 400 million years ago. activity of photosynthetic autotrophs chanced the composition of the atomosphere from less than 1% free oxygen to present of more than 20%
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phylum
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a group of animals that shares a similar archetecture, level of complexity and evolutionary history
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animal
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multicellular organism unable to syntizise its own food and often capable of movement
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poriferea
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a type of invertebrate that are most primitive animals. all sponges are suspension feeders (strain plankton and tiny food particles from surrounding water).
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define a suspension feeder
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strain plankton and tiny organic food particles from the surrounding water for food.
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Phylum Cnidaria
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jellyfish, sea anemonies and corals belong here. this group takes its name from the stinging cells called cnidoblasts for protection. radial symmetry
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two forms of cnidarians
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medusa: a bell shaped creature with tentacles
polyp: no skeleton and attach fully to the substrate. |
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zooxanthellae
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single-celled, symbiotic dinoflagellates which carry on photosynthesis, absorb waste products, grow and divide within the central host.
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at what rate do coral animals grow in ideal conditions?
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1 cm per year
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What is a very well known dinoflagellate?
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Zooxanthellae, but this is not free living and lives inside an organism
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what is bioluminescense?
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process by which energy from a chemical reaction is transformed into light energy. this occurs in dinoflaggellates
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what is a red tide?
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red tides are the bloom of dinophytes, there is so many that it gives the water a rusty red color.
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what percentage of food on earth is resposible by photosynthesis of phytoplankton?
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45%, they also are a large contributor of O2 to the atmosphere
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What are animals?
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Animals are active, multicellular organisms incapable of synthesising their own food (heterotrophs)
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In evolution, when did animals come about?
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.75 Billion years ago when oxygen was peaking
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Which types of animals first arose?
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invertebrates, animals without backbones
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Phylum Porifera
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contains sponges, most primitive of true animals, suspension feeders, no nervous, respitory or circulatory system, collar cells line central cavity: capture plankton.
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Phylum Cnidaria
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This phylum takes its name from the large stinging cells called cnidoblats. It is known for its radial symmetry, central mouth and body radiate out. They have a primitive network of nerves, no excretory or circulatory systems, they depend on diffusion to move waste and gas.
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Cnideria body plan
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medusa or polyp, medusa (jellies) mouth at top, the tenticles hang down. Specialization of tissues, excrete calcium carbonate (skeleton), have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
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Phylum Cnideria, class anthrozoa
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sea anemonie, single corals and reef building corals
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phylum Cnideria, class hydrozoa
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polyp and medusa forms. colonial: formed by one fertalized egg that buds off to form seperate organisms. NOT JELLIES, ex. portugese man of war
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phylum Cnideria, class scyphozoa
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all the jellies
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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flatworms, have a centralized nervoud system (brain), have a head, eye spots (detect light and dark), no true respitory or excretory systems
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phylum nemotoda
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roundworms. most basic phylum with a digestive system. parasitic and free living, important in soil ecosystem
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phylum annelida
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Most advanced worms, they are segmented. each segment has its own system for digestion, reproduction, circulation, etc (called METAMERISM). These are free living worm forms, can be made of sediment, hard shells or carbonate homes.
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Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta
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most abundant class of annelids. some worm-like, some form tubes. Major predators.
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phylum mollusca
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Made up of many different body forms but always have digestive tract, foot and a shell. bilateral symmetry, digestive tract, well-developed nervous system,
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phylum mollusca, class gastropoda
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limpets, snails and albone, conch, grazers and predators (scrape algae and kelp), shell of CaCO3. One type, the nuidibranch, acually contains no shell but has gills
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pylum mollesca, class bivalvia
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two shells, clams, oysters, mussels. Suspension feeders (filter feeders), two strong abductor muscles, filter water through gills, attached to substrate (use bistle threads that cement them, has some resistance).
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phylum mollesca, class cephalopoda
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predators such as the Nautilus, octopus, squid and cuddlefish. It is a head surrounded by a foot, divided into tentacles.
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phylum anthropoda
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most diverse of the species: lobsters, shrimp, krill, barnacles. Bodies are segmented with a pair of appendages per segment. Three main body parts:
1.) exoskeleton: made of chiton 2.) striated muscle: for rapid movement 3.) articulation: to bend appendages at specific points |
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what is molting?
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to shed the exoskeleton
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phylum anthropoda, class crustacea
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lobster, crab, crawfish, krill
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Phylum Echinodermata
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bilateral symmetry in larval stage, radial symmetry. Sea stars, sea urchins, lack true eyes or brains, advanced nervous system, radially symmetrical, five sections.
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Phylum Echinodermata, class echiniodea
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Sea Urchins, CaCO2 test, spines, tube feet, main mouth piece, eat kelp
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Phylum Echinodermata, class ophiuroidea
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brittle stars, 5 arms, moveable, eats dead plant material
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Phylum Echinodermata, class asteroidea
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water vascular system: a complex of water filled canals, valves, and projections used for locomotion and feeding
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phylum chordata
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notochord- structural element that is a hollow, dorsal nerve cord. they also have pharyngeal gill patches or slits.
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phylum chordata, subphylum urochordata
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suspension feeder, colonial or solitary. salps join together to form huge colonies
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amphioxus
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transitional between an invertebrate and a vertebrate. nodocord, gill slits, no hard skeleton, no jaw
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class agnatha
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jawless fish (eg., hagfish, lamphrey).
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class chondrichthyes
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primitive, jawed fish, sharks and rawys, skeleton made of cartilage, predators, invertebrate feeders, filter feeders. for defense: barb on tail (stingrays), or electric shock (electric ray).
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class osteichthyes, order teleosti
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bony fish, most specious order,
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problems that fish face
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movement: viscosity (fluids resistance to flow), drag (resistance to movement of an organism), turbulance (chaotic boater movement around swimming organism)
Adaptations: teardrop shape, swimming, scales |