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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mahler
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Normal Symbiosis 0-3months
Hatching 3-9 months Practicing 9-15 mths (1yr, 3mths) Rapprochement 15-24mths (1yr,3mths-2yrs) |
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Separation-Individuation Phase
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Marks the end of the Normal Symbiotic Phase. Separation refers to the development of limits and the differentiation between the infant and the mother. Individuation refers to the development of the infant's ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities.
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Hatching
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3-9monts. Increased alertness and interest in outside world. "Rupture of the autistic shell" Begins to become aware of separateness from mother. Gazing towards then away from caretaker as initial move toward separateness
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Practicing
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9-15mths. simultaneous to the development of the ability to crawl and then walk freely. Infant begins to explore and becomes more distant from mother.But still psychically one with mother via sense of omnipotence. Preserves illusion of symbiosis with caretaker even when moving away.
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Rapprochement
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15-24mths. Divided into 3 sub phases; Beginning, Crisis and Solution. Child once again becomes close to the mother in an apparently regressive way but is actually a progression. Brenner's come into play here. The child's physically mobility demonstrates psychic separateness from the mother and the child becomes fearful. They develop a cognitive and emotional awareness of separateness. May develop clinging behaviors. Try to keep caregiver in sight to maintain control over separateness.Through eye contact and action child tries to keep mother in sight while exploring his own world. A basic 'mood disposition' may be established at this point. If mother misreads these regressive/progressive needs and responds with impatience or unavailability it can lead to an anxious fear of abandonment and issues of attachment.
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Rapprochement - Beginning
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Motivated by desire to share discoveries with the mother
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Rapprochement - Crisis
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Torn/crisis between staying with the mother, being emotionally close and being more independent and exploring.
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Rapprochement - Solution
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Individual solutions are enabled by the development of language and the superego
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Object Constancy
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2-5yrs Children graduatlly comprehend and are reassured by the permanence of mother and other important people, even when not in their presence.
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Confusion of Tongues
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Ferneczi - trauma when the abuse happens and then denied. So the person gets mixed messages.
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Freud Stage of Psychosexual Development
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Oral Stage (Birth-18mths)
Anal Stage (18mths-3yrs) Phallic Stage (3-6yrs) Latency Stage (6yrs-puberty) Genital Stage (puberty on) |
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Oral Stage
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Focus on oral pleasures. Excess or deficient gratification can result in oral fixation or oral personality (stronger tendency to smoke, drink, eat, bite nails and may become overly dependent on others) Dominant fear - loss of object
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Anal Stage
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18mths to 3 yrs Pleasure from eliminating and retaining feces but pressure to regulate. Excess or deficient gratification can result in anal retentive (obsessed with cleanliness, perfection & control) or anal expulsive (messy & disorganized) personality. Dominant fear - loss of object's love.
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Phallic Stage
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3 to 6 yr. Pleasure focused on genitals with unconscious sexual desires for opposite sex parent and fear of punishment (castration) by the same parent. Know as Oedipal & Electra Complexes. Castration fear could also result from projection of aggressive impulse onto parent. Child wants to disempower same sex parent and in turn feels disempowered/pushed by parent. Fixation here could result in sexual deviances (avoidance &/or overindulgence) or a weak/confused sexual identity. Dominant fear - loss of body part
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Latency Stage
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6yrs - puberty. Sexual urges remain repressed. Children interact mostly with same sex peers.
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Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
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based in psychologies of identity and self. Identity formation is a dialect between environment and the child's psyche. For Erikson, the mother is a representative of and vehicle for a cultural approach to living that organizes and ranks safety and danger, pleasure and restraint, gratification and frustration. For example, Klein's P-S is organized around around the same trust/mistrust as Erikson with good/bad breast. But Klein good and band derive from infant's instinctual conflicts between libido and aggression while for Erikson trust and mistrust are experience derived from the chil's interactions, successful and unsuccessful with caregivers. This aspect is more similar to Winnicott and the quality of the holding environment. Similarly Sullivan saw points of anxiety in the mother as the origin of the child's early splitting of good and bad. Erikson also developed concept of epigenesis.
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Epigenesis
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Derived from biology. Erikson suggested that the ego develops by an organic process of different capacities and qualities unfolding through this series of crises, leading to the eventual psychosocial integration of the individual in the world. View these crises more as dialectical tensions than battles. Even though one or another crisis is in the forefront at any particular time, all these tensions are active throughout the life cycle. Each stage is reworked anew by the struggle with subsequent ego qualities. He viewed ego development across the life cycle less in terms of a stepladder and more in terms of a complex set of vital tensions, progressively unfolding and in constant resonance with each other.
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Erikson vs. Freud
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For Freud, social reality is the realm in which the drives are gratified or frustrated; For Erikson, social reality is a realm that shapes the drives in a culturally distinct fashion.
Each ego stage corresponds to, and is in a dialectical relationship with, a libidinal phase of drive maturation. Conflict between basic trust and mistrust closely coincides the oral phase. The libidinal pleasures of nursing and playing at the breast in some sense precipitate a crisis of attitude toward the outside world. |
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Erikson's Stages & Freud Matches
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Oral (birth to 18mths)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Anal 18-3yrs Initiative vs. Guilt - Phallic 3-6yrs Identity vs Role - Adolescent, Latency Intimacy vs Isolation - Genital Stage, Young Adulthood Generativity vs Stagnation - Middle Age Adult Integrity vs Dispair - Older Adult |
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Trust vs Mistrust
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Birth - 18mths - Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others and the environment
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
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Toddler - Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem
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Initiative vs Guilt
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Preschooler - begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity.
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Industry vs Inferiority
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School Age Child - Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Adolescent - Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into self-image under role model and peer pressure
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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Young Adult - Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner
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Generativity vs Stagnation
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Middle-Age Adult - Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family and civic interests
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Older Adult - Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Adolescent - Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into self-image under role model and peer pressure
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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Young Adult - Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner
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Generativity vs Stagnation
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Middle-Age Adult - Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family and civic interests
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Older Adult - Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death
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Brenner's Calamities
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Anxiety occurs when calamity is near; depression occurs when calmity has occurred. People walk a tightrope of defenses trying to be gratified without facing calamity/anxiety/depression. Calamities relate to drives as the drives can make these calamities occur. This people are in states of conflict, try to use defenses to cope/avoid/deal
Calamities start with Automatic anxiety. Then they are; - Loss of the object (abandonment anxiety) - loss of object love - Castration anxiety - Superego Condemnation |
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Automatic anxiety
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infant's response to overstimulation. Before Freud’s stimulus barrier has developed. (Adult equivalent=annihilation).
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Loss of Object
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Abandonment anxiety: fear of loss of object (caretaker) 18 months-3 years; requires a sense that the object is separate and not under the child's omnipotent control. (Adult equivalent= desperate clinging, counter phobic provocation.) Likely anal phase
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Loss of Object Love
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Fear of loss of object's love/ approval (3 to 4 year olds): Requires object constancy-- a stable internal sense of the other--and conflict over changing one's behavior to win approval.
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Castration Anxiety
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Castration anxiety (5-7 yr olds): Fear of retaliatory bodily harm; a projection of the child's hostility. (Adult equivalent: neurotic functioning/ defenses).
Child realizes anatomical difference between sexes and the power that comes with them; sense of awe and envy; aware of own aggressive wishes |
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Superego Condemnation
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Guilt from the superego
Superego (established at resolution of Oedipal phase) anxiety: fear of self-punishment for transgressions of internalized moral code or for failing to live up to one's ideals. |
