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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name four reasons for raising sheep.
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Wool
Meat Milk Pets |
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What are 2 types of Sheep management systems?
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Extensive
Intensive |
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What are the 5 Categories of Sheep Breeds?
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1. Meat = Callipyge (generally dark faced breeds)
2. Wool (Ex. Lincoln) 3. Dual Purpose = meat and wool (Dorset is the best dual purpose breed) 4. Synthetic/Cross breeds 5. Reproductive breeds = wants ewes that can have large litters (want to select ewes that can have twins or triplets) |
|
What is flushing?
|
-The act of increasing nutrient uptake of ewe 20-30%, 2-3 weeks prior to breeding
-This is especially important for thin ewes, to get them into breeding condition (fat ewes don’t respond well to flushing and are poor breeders) |
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When should you flush a ram?
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8 Weeks prior to breeding.
|
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What are 3 ways to preg check a ewe?
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-Non-return to heat at 16-17 days
-Transrectal U/S at 20+ days -Abdominal U/S at 35 days ***U/S is the only practical way to preg check ewes*** |
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Describe proper ewe management during pregnancy.
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-Prevent pregnancy toxemia by providing proper nutrition
-Exercise -De-worm -Vaccinate -Medicate -Shearing (to be coordinated w/ the annual shearing), tagging, crutching -Shearing allows easy access to the nipple for the lamb and causes the ewe to get cold and hopefully persuade her to lamb inside |
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When does puberty occur in a sheep?
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5-15 months.
When the lamb attains greater than 60% of his adult body weight. |
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What are some factors that affect the onset of puberty?
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-Time of lambing
-Lambs born in June will probably skip their first cycle -Lambs born in Jan. and fed well will probably have their first cycle in fall -Nutrition -Breed (Finn> Suffolk> Rambouillet- tend to have late sexual maturiy) |
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How much time passes between ovulations in a sheep?
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16-17 days
|
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How long is a ewe actually in heat during one ovulation?
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10-40 hours.
Average = 36 hours |
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When can you AI a ewe?
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18-24 hours post standing estrous
|
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List some sexual behaviors in Sheep.
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Nosing
Flehman Seeking Nudging Mounting |
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When do sheep tend to breed?
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Short days
|
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Name some breeds that breed put of season.
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Dorset
Finn Rambouillet |
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When you should give up trying to breed a ewe.
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When the cops show up.
Don't try to breed a ewe more than 3 times |
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What is the gestation period for a ewe?
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140-155 days
Average = 148 |
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What are some first signs of parturition in a ewe?
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Restlessness
decreased appetite mothering swelling of vulva colostrums decreased body temp. |
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in sheep, how long do first stage uterine contractions last?
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2-8 hours
|
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What happens during the second stage of parturition in a ewe?
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Cervix is stretched and oxytocin is released. Abdominal pressing can last from 20 minutes to 2 hours.
|
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In what age range are ewes most prolific?
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3-6 years
|
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how long is the post partum period for a ewe? (how long before she can have a productive estrous cycle?)
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30 days
|
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How should you supplement the nutrition of an expecting ewe?
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50% increase in nutrients over the last third of gestation.
|
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When should you wean a lamb?
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8 weeks
|
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What are the seven steps to synchronizing estous in sheep?
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1. Give progesterone in spring and fall
-Spring = need to give FSH in addition to progesterone -Fall = only need to give progesterone -Synchronize NO more than 5 ewes/day/ram 2. Give prostaglandin during breeding season -Prostaglandin ONLY works when ewe is cycling 3. Ram effect -The rams pheromones and vocalization can help to synchronize the ewes 4. Daylight effect 5. Superovulation/increased number births 6. Steroid hormone immunization -Steroid inhibits the negative feedback so more FSH can be released -This increasing lambing % by 20-30% 7. Synchromate B (has been pulled off market) |
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When is the earliest you can induce parturition in sheep?
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141-142 days of gestation
|
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What two drugs can be used to induce parturition in sheep and when will they have an effect?
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Dexamethasone - lamb will be born within 72h
Estrogen - lamb will be born wihin 24h |
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What are the 3 major causes of abortions in sheep?
What are some other agents that cause abortions? |
1. Vibrio (Campylobacter fetus)
2. Toxoplasmosis 3. Chlamydia Others include: -Border disease (hairy shaker lamb) -BVD -Salmonella typhimurium -Listeria monocytogenes -Lepto -Bluetongue virus -Coxiella burnetti (i.e. Q fever) -Sarcocystis |
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Which, of the major abortion causes in sheep, can cause early abortions?
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Toxo
|
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What are the gross lesions associated with Vibrio abortions in sheep?
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-Placentitis w/ edema
-Necrosis of cotyledons -Intrauterine death -SQ edema and fluid -Necrotic liver foci (rare, only occurs in 40%) |
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What are the gross lesions associated with Toxo abortions in sheep?
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-Cotyledons have gray/white foci (1-3mm in size)
|
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What are the gross lesions associated with Chlamydia abortions in sheep?
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-Chorionitis w/ elementary bodies (seen on impression smears)
|
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How do you control Vibrio abortions in sheep?
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-Hygiene
-Vaccine -Mass medication |
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How do you control Toxo
abortions in sheep? |
-Control young cat population on farm (cats are #1 transmitter of oocyts)
-Rumensin (antibiotic) |
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How do you control Chlamydia abortions in sheep?
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-Hygiene
-Tetracycline -Vaccine |
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What are some clinical signs of Vibrio abortions in sheep?
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-Late pregnancy abortions
-Stillbirths -Weak lambs -Metritis -Peritonitis |
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What are some clinical signs of Toxo abortions in sheep?
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Early pregnancy:
-EED -Fetal death -Mummies Late pregnancy: -Abortion -Perinatal lamb loss |
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What are some clinical signs of Chlamydia abortions in sheep?
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-Late abortions
-Still births -Weak lambs -Fetal mummification -Congenital infections abort first pregnancy |
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How do you treat sheep abortions?
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1. Diagnosis is the #1 priority (submit sample for histopathology: placenta, fetus, blood)
2. Tetracycline 3. Isolation 4. Sanitation 5. Monensin 6. Bovatec 7. Prevent zoonoses (Toxo and Q-fever) |
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How do you prevent sheep abortions?
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1. Vaccinate for vibrio and EAE
2. Medicate w/ chlorotetracycline for vibrio and EAE 3. Cat control for Toxo 4. Med w/ monensin and bovatec for Toxo |
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What are some obstetric rules to live by?
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1. Be clean
2. Be gentle 3. Use LOTS of lubrication 4. Check for cervical dilation (ringwomb = syndrome where ewes don’t dilate) 5. Double check presentation 6. Size of pelvis to size of lamb 7. C-section = $, future reproduction, lamb and ewe survivablility |
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What are some advantages of early detection of dystocia in sheep?
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1. Increase # of lambs born
2. Decrease ewe mortality 3. Allow intervention |
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How do you deal with sheep dystocia?
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-Intervene when there has been 1-1 ½ hrs. of no progress
-Intervene if there is malposition (i.e. unilateral/bilateral shoulder flexion or breech) -Give an epidural of lidocaine to help alleviate straining -Lubricate, use good hygiene, give antibiotics, and vaccinate (tetanus antitoxin) -Treat ringwomb w/ c-section, cervical incision, manual dilation, estrogens -Any ewe that has had dystocia should be culled **Check for multiple lambs |
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What are some risk factors for vaginal prolapse in sheep?
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-multiple ewes (?? multiple lambs?)
-Excess estrogen -Pushing, crowding at feed bunk |
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Do you want to stitch a ewe's prolapsed vagina high and tight or low and away?
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High and Tight
|
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What dietary changes can be made to prevent a sheep from getting a prolapsed vagina?
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Take away hay and feed corn and oats because hay takes up too much room in the rumen.
|
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What is the Tx for a sheep vaginal prolapse?
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-Retainer
-Buhner stitch -Want to place vagina high and tight |
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What are some characteristics of a uterine prolapse?
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-Seen post lambing due to difficult birth or hypocalcemia
-Different from vaginal prolapse b/c with uterine prolapse you can see the cotyledons -More of an emergency than vaginal prolapse |
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What is the Tx for a uterine prolapse?
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-Clean, replace, suture, systemic antibiotics
|
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What are some problems that can cause fertility problems in rams?
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Pizzle rot
Scrotal mange Scrotal Abscesses Epididymitis |
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What is the etiologic agent for Pizzle Rot?
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Balanoposthitis
|
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What is the etiologic agent for Scrotal Mange?
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Chorioptes bovis
|
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What is the etiologic agent for Scrotal abscesses?
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-Actinomyces pyogenes
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What is the etiologic agent for Epididymitis?
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-Brucella ovis
-Causes spermatic granuloma of epididymal tubules -Actinobacillus seminis -Severe, acute, painful -Causes epididymitis in peripuberal ram lambs |
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What is the Tx for pizzle rot?
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-Clean
-Furacin ointment -Ammonium chloride (1 gram TID for several days) |
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What is the Tx for Scrotal Mange?
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-Ivermectin
-Fenvalerate -Coumaphos -Trichlorfon |
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What is the Tx for scrotal abscesses?
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Drain
|
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What is the Tx for epididymitis?
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-DO NOT VACCINATE
-Test and cull |
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How does the estrus cycle in goats differ from sheep?
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-More strictly limited to fall than sheep
-21 day cycle -12-36 hrs. of estrus -AI after 12-24 hrs after onset of estrus -Doe will be restless, vocal, wag tail, swollen vulva, and have decreased milk production while in estrous |
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What is the gestation period for a goat?
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140-155 days (median 2-3 days longer than ewe)
|
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How can you, or more importantly, how can you not diagnose pregnancy in a goat?
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-Increased progesterone during late gestation CAN NOT diagnose pregnancy
-Look for soften cervical (d. 30) or cervix out of reach (d. 50) -Udder is NOT dependable for diagnosis of pregnancy |
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WHat are some causes of doe infertility?
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-Endometritis
-Pyometra -Cystic Follicles -Hydrometra (pseudopregnancy) -Treat w/ PGF2-alpha or surgery |
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What are some causes of abortions in goats?
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-Toxo
-Chlamydia -Salmonella -Brucellosis melitensis (may not be a cause in the US) -Listeria -Lepto (greater importance in does than ewes, they will abort at the time of infection) -Angora goats are habitual aborters due to their adrenal cortical depletion |
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What are some Causes of Buck Infertility?
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-Spermatic granuloma (associate w/ polled gene)
-Occurs between the head of epididymis and testes |
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What are some characteristics of AI in goats/sheep?
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-Can use fresh or frozen semen
-50-350 million live sperm per insemination -Can AI intrauterine or intracerival -Can use a laparoscope -AI 12-24 hours after start of estrous -60-70% first service conception rates |
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What are some purposes for llamas?
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-Llama’s are guard animals (used w/ sheep to protect them from dogs, coyotes)
-Pack animals -Fiber -Meat |
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What is special about a llama's testicles?
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Located in the perineal region.
|
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What are some characteristics of llama semen?
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-Highly viscous
-Milky white color -Slow motility (no mass motility as seen w/ ram sperm) -> 50% normal/desirable |
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What are some characteristics of llama penises?
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-Penis is fibroelastic w/ sigmoid flexure
-Adhesions present between body of penis and sheath in prepuberal animals -Urinate backwards between legs -Corkscrew appendage at tip used to dilate cervix and enter uterus during breeding -Stimulation – protractor penis muscle directs forward |
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What are some characteristics of llama estrus cycles?
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-Periods of long sexual receptivity (36 days) and short periods of non-receptivity (48 hrs.)
-Rhythmic increase and decrease due to follicle maturation and atresia CL Function: -Peaks 9 days post mating -Maintains pregnancy -Luteal diameter and plasma progesterone highly correlated Ovulation: -Increase serum LH 15 minutes after onset of copulation (i.e. induced ovulators) -26 hrs. after natural mating they ovulate -Can induce ovulation w/ GnRH -New follicles develop between 12-16 days |
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What is the gestation period for a llama?
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-335-365 days (avg. 345)
|
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In what part of the uterus do most llama pregnancies happen?
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Left horn (90-95%)
|
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How do you diagnose pregnancy in llamas?
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-Sexual behavior/Lack of estrous
-Ballotment/External palpation -Rectal palpation -P4 levels >2ng/ml after day 18 indicates active CL and pregnancy -Ultrasound at 15 days (transrectal) and 50 days (transabdominal) **Diffuse epitheliochorial placenta** |
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What are some reasons for llama fetal deaths?
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-High incidence of early embryonic death in the first 30 -90 days (decreases after 30)
-Rebreeding too soon after parturition -Inbreeding -Uterine infection and pathology -Old age -Stress |
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Describe the stages to llama parturition.
|
Stage I = Preparatory (1-6 hrs.)
-Stage II = Fetal expulsion (<60 minutes) -Stage III = Placental expulsion (4-6 hrs.) |
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When does ovarian activity resume after parturtion in a llama?
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-Ovarian activity resumes 3 days postpartum
-May breed at this time but they do not recommend till after day 15-20 days |
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How much colostrum does a cria need?
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4-10% of body weight in first 10 to 12 hours.
|
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What are some congential defects that lead to infertility in llamas?
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-Gonadal aplasia and hypoplasia
-Persistent hymen -Uterus unicornis -Double cervix and intersex (hermaphrodites) -Segmental aplasia |
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What are some acquired problems that lead to infertility in llamas?
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-Metritis/Endometritis (generally caused by Strep)
-Endometrial cysts = can determine via ultrasound -Cystic ovaries = variable response to GnRH or HCG |
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How do you diagnose infertility in llamas?
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-History
-Rectal -Ultrasound -Speculum -Culture -Biopsy -Hormone analysis |
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Name some equine ovarian structures.
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-Follicle
-Ovulation Fossa -Corpora Hemorrhagica -CL -Oviduct (infundibulum, isthmus, ampulla, oviductal papilla, uterotubal junction – which is the sperm reservoir) |
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What are the 3 physical barriers to contamniation of the equine uterus?
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1.Vulva
2. Vestibule 3. Cervix |
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What are some congenital and acquired defects that cause infertility in mares?
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CONGENITAL DEFECTS:
-Persistent hymen -Tubular agenesis of cervix, uterus, oviduct ACQUIRED DEFECTS: -3rd degree perineal laceration -Rectovaginal fistula |
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What are some guidelines to performing an exam of the repro tract of a mare?
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Restraint: put animal is the stocks
Protective Wear: plastic palpation sleeve Lubricatin: can’t ever get enough lube Manure removal: remove manure first before trying to find landmarks – cup hand dorsally to try and prevent rectal tears (if you do tear – better to tear dorsally than ventrally) Anatomic Orientation: Brim of pelvis, cervix, uterus, ovary |
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What are the components of taking a history for a BSE for a mare?
|
1. Age
2. Parity 3. # Foals 4. Last foal date 5. Stallion fertility/management/number 6. Method of service (live, cooled, frozen) 7. Dystocias 8. EED = Early Embryonic Death 9. Abortions/Stillbirths = what stage in pregnancy did they occur 10. Endometritis/postbreeding 11. Urine pooling/caslicks 12. Twins = “Once a twinner always a twinner” |
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What are the components of a Vulvular Conformation Assessment in a mare?
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-Look at vulva, vestibule, cervix
|
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What are the components of a Transrectal Palpation in a mare?
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-Check for:
-Cervical tone -Uterine symmetry -Pregnancy -Ovarian symmetry -Ovulation fossa -Paraovarian cysts |
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What are the components of a Endometrial Cytology in a mare?
|
-Looking for active inflammation
-Can diff quick finding and get immediate results -May see PMNs, fungal hypae, yeast, bacteria -Should NORMALLY see epithelial cells and mucus |
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What are the components of a Biopsy in a mare?
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-GRADE I:
-80% live foal rate -Glandular density -Tall columnar epithelium -Tortuous glands -GRADE II A: -Endometrial edema -Potentially reversible -Low glandular density -Dilated lymphatics -Cuboidal epithelium -GRADE III: -Glandular nesting -Fibrotic rings -<10% probability of foaling |
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What are the components of a Hysterocscopy in a mare?
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-May see oviductal papilla, adhesions, and will allow for proper semen deposition
|
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What are some benefits of doing cytology on the equine uterus?
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-Rapid results
-Can differentiate PMNs, macrophages, yeast, fungi, bacteria |
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What are the components of the male reproductive tract?
|
-Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles are unique to the horse)
-Large ampullae -Bilobed prostate -Bulbourethral glands |
|
List some potential venereal pathogens that may be transmitted in semen?
|
Bacterial:
-Klebsiella -Pseudomonas aerugenosa -Taylorella equigenetialis (CEM) Viral: -EVA -Equine Coital Exanthema (EHV-3) Protozoal: -Trypanosoma equiperdum |
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Summarize minimal criteria that a stallion should meet to be classified as a satisfactory prospective breeder
|
-Free of undesirable, potentially heritable defects, behavioral disorders, or transmissible diseases
-Posses no physical trait that would interfere w/ mating ability, semen quality, sperm output -Ejaculate minimum of 1x109 pm (billion), morphologically normal sperm in the 2nd of 2 ejaculates 1 hr. apart after 1 week of sexual rest |
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Describe an Assisted Vaginal Delivery (AVD).
|
-Mare is awake and minor assistance needed to deliver an intact foal
-Standing is better than recumbent b/c the weight of the fetus in uterus helps to realign stuff -Xylazine and Butorphenol will put the front end to sleep and not the back end -too much of the drug and the mare can lose control of back end |
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Describe a Controlled Vaginal Delivery (CVD).
|
-Mare is anesthetized and clinician is in complete control of vaginal delvery
-Use short term anesthesia -Elevate hind quarters => decreases uterine contractions and gets weight of abdominal contents off the fetus |
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Describe a Fetotomy.
|
-Fetus is dead and cut is made to deliver vaginally
-very poor prognosis for future reproductive function in the mare if more than one cut is made |
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Describe a Cesearean Section.
|
-Mare is anesthetized and fetus is removed through an incision in the uterus
-mares reproductive future is more positive than w/ fetotomy |
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Describe the more common obstetrical procedures used to correct dystocia in the mare by mutation and traction
|
Mutation: manipulation of fetus to return it to normal presentation, position and posture
Repulsion: forced movement of fetus from pelvis to abdomen -Can use: -Clenbuterol = smooth muscle relaxant -Isoxuprine = muscle relaxant -Buscopan = smooth muscle relaxant |
|
What are some common ways a foal can be malpositioned?
|
Retention of forelimb (carpal flexion)
Retention of elbow on pelvic brim (very common) Lateral/Ventral deviation of head and neck True breech (transverse ventral presentation – back of fetus or 4 feet on exam) |
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Define Fetal presentation.
|
relationship of spinal axis of fetus to that of dam
|
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Define Fetal position.
|
relationship of dorsum of fetus to the quadrants of maternal pelvis
|
|
Define Fetal posture.
|
relationship of extremities (head and front limbs should be extended) **most common abnormality
|
|
How do you treat a mare's retained placenta?
|
-Systemic antibiotics
-Penicillin and Gentacin -NSAIDS -Flunixin, Ketofen, Butorphenol??? (phenylbutazone) -Oxytocin -Uterine Lavage |
|
How do you treat a Uterine Prolapse in a mare?
|
-Control straining w/ epidural
-Coat uterus w/ Vaseline -Cover w/ plastic bag -Elevate uterus to level of pelvis |
|
How do you treat an invagination of uterine horn in a mare.
|
-Manual removal of placenta
-Transect portion of placenta -Uterine lavage |
|
How do you treat a Uterine rupture in a mare?
|
-Keep mare quiet
-NSAIDS -Naloxone HCL (opioid antagonist ??) |
|
What are the components of the mare's uterine defense mechanisms?
|
1. Physical barriers (vulva, vestibule, cervix)
2. Opsonization of bacteria by PMN’s -Estrogen: increase in PMN function -Progesteron: decrease in PMN function -Ab’s and compliment -Resistant mares have higher levels of compliment 3. Physical clearance -Cervical relaxation -Cervix relaxes and peak uterine contraction -Uterine position -Uterine contractions -Lymphatic clearance |
|
Is a positive endometrial culture definitive for a diagnosis of endometritis?
|
No
|
|
What are the most common locations for genital infections in the mare?
|
-Cervix
-Vagina -Salpinx |
|
List the most common organisms associated w/ endometritis in the mare
|
Bacterial:
-Beta-hemolytic strep zooepidemicus -E. coli/enterobacter -Pseudomonas -Klebsiella Yeast/Fungal: -Candida albicans -Aspergillus Contagious Equine Metriris (CEM): -Taylorella equingenitialis |
|
What is the average gestation time for a mare?
|
320-326 days
|
|
What is the seasonal influence on gestation?
|
Jan – Mar the gestation is 5-10 days longer
|
|
What are the nutrition requirements for a pregnant mare?
|
-Want mares BCS to be 6-7
-From time of conception to 8 months of pregnancy have the mare on maintanence -9-11 months of gestation: 1.1-1.2 x’s maintenance (60-65% of fetal growth is occurring during those months) -Should be a forage based diet (alfalfa/grass) -Ca:P ration 1:1 (.2% and .3%) -Se, Cu, Zn, I, Mn |
|
What are some health care considerations that should be made for a pregnant mare?
|
-EHV-1: vaccinate at 5,7,9 months
-EWT: vaccinate 1 month prior to due date -WNV: vaccinate 1 month prior to due date -Deworm q. 60 days for tapeworms -Give ivermectin day of foaling b/c strongyloides westeri larvae can be in milk (encysted larvae are resistant => stress of lactation => uncyst => pass in milk => intessusseption in foal |
|
What are some changes to the mammary glands that predict parturition in the mare?
|
Colostrum > 60 g/L
-Ca, at 200 ppm 48 hrs. prior to parturition -Ca 300-500 ppm 24 hrs. prior to parturition |
|
Describe the progression of events in the three stages of labor
|
STAGE 1: PREPARATORY:
-30 minutes to 4 hrs. -Fetal rotation STAGE 2: DELIVERY: -20-30 minutes STAGE 3: EXPULSION OF PLACENTA: -30 minutes to 3 hrs. -If mare hasn’t passed placenta by 2hrs. intervene and give oxytocin |
|
Outline the methods for inducing delivery in mare
|
Requirements for inducing ovulation:
-335 days of gestation -Mammary gland development -Relaxation of pelvic ligaments -Colostrum -Milk Ca> 300ppm Inducing delivery: -Oxytocin (drug of choice) -causes milk let down, myometrial contractions and uterine involution and expulsion of retained placenta -PGF2alpha |
|
Describe the physiologic changes during the transition from anestrus to ovulation
|
-Anestrus:
-Low GnRH, FSH, LH, E2, P4 -During Transition: -↑ GnRH => ↑ FSH -LH synthesis lags behind FSH synthesis -Multiple follicular waves occur 14 days apart -After 3 waves (42 days) the mare is transitioned and ready to ovulate -Mare is ready to ovulate when there is an INCREASE in estrogen 17B => LH release => Ovulation |
|
List guidelines for an artificial lighting program
|
-Photoperiod controls cyclicity
-16 hrs. of daylength is required to advance cyclicity -45-60 days to induce 1st ovulation -Add day length to the pm -Incremental increases is NOT necessary |
|
Discuss the rationale for progestogens in the transition period of mares
|
-To shorten the duration of transition
-Transitional mares have insufficient LH stores to induce ovulation -Progestens inhibit LH release resulting in storage of LH in pituitary gland (does not affect FSH so mare can still get follicular growth -Treat for 10-14 days w/ altrenogesto rP4 during mid to late transition -Requires a follicle 25mm or greater in size |
|
Give the length of the embryonic, fetal, and neonatal periods in horse
|
Embryonic = conception until d. 40
Fetal = d. 40 until parturition Neonatal = birth until d. 28 |
|
What are the maternal signs of embryonic loss in the mare?
|
-Low P4
-Large cysts -Endometrial fibrosis can prevent proper migration of fetus -Post-mating endometritis -PGF2alpha produced and causes lysis of CL |
|
What are some changes in the uterine environment that are signs of embryonic loss?
|
-Endometritis (most common)
-Periglandular fibrosis -Endometrial cysts |
|
Discuss management options for embryonic death in mare
|
-Ultrasound monitoring q. 1-3 days
-P4 supplement (not sure if it works but won’t hurt anything) -If no fetal heart beat by d. 30 must manually crush the vesicle -give PGF2alpha to lyse the CL and end pregnancy and then do a uterine lavage |
|
List the causes of placental dysfunction in mare
|
-Uterine fibrosis
-Hydroallantois -Placental edema -Infectious diseases |
|
List the more common infectious causes of abortion in mare
|
1. EHV-1
-prior history of URT infection in young stock -Fetal hepatic intranuclear inclusions is pathognomotic 2. Mycotic placentitis -Aspergillus 3. Bacterial placentitis ASCENDING BACTERIA -Beta hemolytic Strep Zooepidemicus (#1 cause) -E.coli and pseudomonas are other causes HEMATOGENOUS BACTERIA -EVA -Lepto (in the fetus) - Nocardia |
|
Design a thorough diagnostic approach to an abortion problem on a broodmare farm
|
-Submit specimens for histopathology (aborted fetus and placenta)
-Post-mortem exam: -Intact stomach and contents -Liver -Kidney -Spleen -Adrenals -Placenta -Uterine fluid – run CS and cytology -Serology of fetus and am |
|
When do you Dx a twin foal?
|
day 14-16
|
|
Describe Conceptus mobility throughout uterus.
|
-Embryo is highly motile and moves through out the all 3 areas of uterus (the 2 horns and body)
-peak motility d. 11-12 (the motility is associated w/ uterine contractions) -the estrogens produced by the early embryo contribute to contraction and motility of embryo -the embryo must migrates in at least 2/3 of the segments for maternal recognition -restriction to the 1/3 of the uterus may cause the mare to return to estrus on day 14 -large, cystic follicles can also restrict migration and lead to problems w/ recognition |
|
When does the foal embryo enter the uterus?
|
day 5-6
|
|
when and how does embryonic vessicle fixation occur?
|
-Occurs d. 14-16 and the vesicle localizes at the base of the horn
-Need both P4 and E2 (produced by embryo) for this to occur -Will see: increased vesicle size, increased muscular contractility (thickening of the dorsal uterine wall) -If endometrial edema is noted that is not good |
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How does maternal recognition of the foal occur. what happens if the mother does not recognize the embryo?
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-The embryo’s migration is what helps the mare to recognize the pregnanct
-if the mare has not recognized the embryo by day 14 then PGF2alpha is released and the CL is lysed |
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Discuss emdometrial cup formation.
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-Formed in the chorionic girdle of trophoblasts
-Formed d. 25-38 and lasts until d. 150 -Cup releases of eCG and PMSG -eCG has FSH and LH like activity to cause formation of accessory CL’s -accessory CL’s are formed by d. 35-40 and last until d. 150-200 |
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Discuss Supplemental CL formation.
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-Primary CL last until d. 25-30 and the accessory CL pick up the need to produce progesterone around d. 30-40
-D. 40-50 the progesterone comes from the fetus (called 5alpha-pregnanes) |
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Discuss Placentation in the mare.
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-Fixed by d. 16
-True placentation = occurs gradually -Trophoblastic microvilli = d. 25 -Endometrial cups = d. 35 (the cup will eventually make eCG and will persist even if pregnancy is lost) -Microoctyledons = d. 45 -Microplacentomes = d. 150 |
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Where does P4 come from during equine pregnancy?
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-Initially comes from primary and accessory CL’s
-D. 40-50 comes from fetal progesterone |
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Where does E2 come from during equine pregnancy?
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-Mare
-Placental -Fetal gonads -d. 150 dominant source is fetal gonads and placenta |
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Where does eCG come from during equine pregnancy?
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-Endometrial cup
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When can you likely diagnose an equine pregnancy transrectally?
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Day 15
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When can you likely diagnose an equine pregnancy via Trans-abdominal US?
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day 150 - 210
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What does estrogen sulfate have to do with equine pregnancy?
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-High levels of E2 produced by the conceptus as early as D. 12
-D. 60-100 estrogen sulfate> estrogen -Total E2/P4 assays are useful in assessing fetal viability |
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