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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do thyroid hormones effect?
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metabolism, cardiac function, growth, and development
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What can a deficiency in thyroid hormones cause in development in children?
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Can produce short stature and permanent mental impairment
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What are two hormones produced by the thyroid?
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Thyroxine - T4 and Tiiodothyronine - T3
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What are some s/s of hypothyroidism?
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dry skin, cold intolerance, lethargy, depression, and weight gain
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What are some s/s of hyperthyroidism?
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exophthalmos, thin hair, intolerance to heat, nervousness, and tachcardia or tachydysrhythmias
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What are the three actions by the thyroid?
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Stimulation of energy use
Stimulation of heart promotion of growth and development |
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At what age can hypothyroidism occur?
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at any age
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What is a severe deficiency called in someone with hypothyroidism?
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myxedema
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In an adult the cause of hypothyroidism is usually _____ to thyroid malfunction.
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Secondary
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What can hypothyroidism be caused by?
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iodine deficiency, surgical removal, or destruction from radioactive iodine
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Treatment for hypothyroidism is ________ for T4 and ______ and ______ for T3.
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Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine and liothyronine |
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What suppress TSH?
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T3 and T4
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What causes hyperthyroidism?
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Grave's disease and toxic nodular goiter
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Hyperthyroidism is most frequently in?
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women 20-40 years old.
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What in the incidence in females to males?
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6X greater
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What is the treatment of Graves?
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Surgical removal of thyroid tissue
Suppression of thyroid hormone synthesis Destruction of thyroid tissue w/ radioactive iodine |
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What are the four synthetic preparation of T4?
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Levthroid
levoxyl synthroid unithroid |
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Half life of T4 is_____ and is highly _______ bound.
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7 days; protein
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IV doses are about ______ of oral doses (T4)?
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80%
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Most cases of PUD are caused by?
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an infection with Helicobacter pylori
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How is peptic ulcer disease caused by? what is damaged?
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gastric acid irritation...damages the mucosal surface
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What are aggravating factors of PUD?
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agents that interfere with prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach
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What are some other causes of PUD?
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NSAIDS
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How can NSAIDS cause PUD?
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they inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins
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What is absolutely required for ulcer formation?
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Gastric acid
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All persons with a non-drug induced peptic ulcer should be treated with?
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antibacterials and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate H. pylori
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What is the goal of treatment related to PUD?
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alleviate symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence
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The 5 major groups of medications are?
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Antibiotics, antisecretory, mucosal protectants, antisecretory agents that enhance mucosal defenses, antacids
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What do histamine 2-receptor antagonist do?
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Suppress secretion of gastric acid.
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How do histamine 2-receptor antagonist block suppression of secretion of gastric acid?
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block histamine from stimulating the acid-secreting parietal cells of the stomach
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What are some histamine 2-receptor antagonists drugs?
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Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Famotidine (Pepcid) Nizatidine (Axid) Ranitidine (Zantac) |
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What are histamine 2-receptor antagonists therapeutic uses?
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PUD, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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What is exophthalmos?
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bulging eyes
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What is the most effective drugs for suppressing secretion of gastric acid?
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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What do Proton pump inhibitors do?
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causes irreversible inhibition of H+, K+, ATPase. It blocks the final pathway of gastric acid production
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What are proton pump inhibitor drugs?
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Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Esomprazole (nexium) Lansoprazole (Precacid) Pantoprazole (Protonix) |
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What are PPI therapeutic uses for?
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PUD, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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What are adverse effects of PPIs?
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HA, diarrhea, n/v, longterm risk of CA carcinoid tumors in rats (not humans yet)
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How does antiulcer medications work?
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creates a protective barrier against acid and pepsin
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Antiulcer drugs has ____ _____ capacity and (does/does not) decrease acid secretion.
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NO acid-neutralizing; does NOT
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What is the Antiulcer drug?
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Sucralfate (Carafate)
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What % of antiulcer drugs is eliminated in feces?
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90%
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What is the adverse effect of antiulcer drugs?
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constipation occurs in 2%
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What is an Antisecretory agent drug?
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Misoprostol (Cytotec)
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How do antisecretory agents prevent NSAID induced ulcers?
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By serving as a replacement for endogenous prostaglandin
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What does an antisecretory agent do?
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It is an analog of prostanglin E1
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What are the adverse effects of antisecretory agents?
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Dose related diarrhea 13-40%
Abdominal pain 7-20% Some women experience spotting and dysmenorrhea |
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Why would you give someone antiemetic drugs?
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to suppress n/v
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What is the most effective against n/v caused by chemotherapy?
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Serontonin Receptor Antagonists
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How does Serontonin Receptor antagonists work?
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Blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptors located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and on afferent vagal neurons in the upper GI tract
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What does CTZ stand for?
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chemoreceptor trigger zone
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What are the Serontonin Receptor Antagonist drugs?
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Ondanestron (Zofran)
Granistron (Kytril) Doasetron (Anzemet) |
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How do Dopamine antagonists work?
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Suppress emesis by blocking dopamine 2 receptors in CTZ
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All dopamine antagonists can cause ____?
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EPS (extra pyramidal syndrome)
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What does Metoclopramide (Reglan), a dopamine antagonist, do?
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increases gastric motility
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Metoclopramide (Reglan) enhances the actions of _____? Which is a ______ agent
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acetylcholine, a prokinetic agent
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What are the three dopamine antagonist drugs?
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Metoclopramide (Reglan)
Phenothizines: Prochlorperazine (Compazine) Butyrophenones: Droperidol (Inapsine) |
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When would you use a prokinetic agent?
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when you need to move gastric acid
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What do you give someone who gets EPS (extra pyramidal syndrome) from a dopamine antagonists?
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Benadryle
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