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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
root system of monocots |
fibrous |
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root system of dicots |
taproot |
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3 conditions necessary for seed germination |
1. sufficient water 2. favorable temperature 3. oxygen |
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4th condition sometimes necessary for seed germination |
light |
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dormancy in seeds |
period in which a seed has no further growth or development |
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primary dormancy (of seeds) |
freshly harvested seed may not germinate even under favorable conditions |
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secondary dormancy (of seeds) |
seed is exposed to conditions unfavorable for germination |
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two turfgrasses noted for good seedling vigor |
annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass |
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4 primary functions of turfgrass roots |
1. water uptake 2. nutrient uptake 3. anchorage 4. hormone production |
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importance of root tips |
all root growth arises from the root tip |
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importance of root hairs |
root hairs increase the surface area of the root system, resulting in increased nutrient and water uptake |
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as much as 80% of the turfgrass root system is located here |
in the upper 6-8 inches of soil. |
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compensatory root growth |
if growth of one part of the root system is reduced or inhibited, other portions of the root system in more favorable conditions will show enhanced growth |
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optimum soil temperature for cool-season turfgrass root growth |
50-65°F |
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optimum soil temperature for warm-season turfgrass root growth |
75-85°F |
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difference between tillers, rhizomes, and stolons |
tillers: grow vertically from the parent plant rhizomes and stolons: grow horizontally from the crown or growing point of the parent plant rhizomes: grow beneath the soil surface stolons: grow along the soil surface |
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number of feet in an acre |
1 acre = 43,560 ft² |
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weight of one gallon of water |
8.3 pounds |
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weight of one gallon of liquid fertilizer |
more than 8.3 pounds |
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P on a fertilizer bag represents the amount of this |
Available phosphorus in the form of P2O5 |
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K on a fertilizer bag represents the amount of this |
Available potassium in the form of soluble K2O |
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P content of P2O5 |
P2O5 contains 44% P (molecular weight of P/molecular weight of P2O5) |
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K content of K2O |
K2O contains 83% K (molecular weight of K/molecular weight of K2O) |
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12% available P2O5 = how much P? |
5.3% available P (12% × 0.44 = 5.3%) |
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12% soluble K2O = how much K? |
10% soluble K (12% × 0.83 = 10%) |
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fertilizer application general formula |
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number of ounces in 1 gallon |
128 fluid ounces |
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liquid fertilizer general formula, step 1 |
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liquid fertilizer general formula, step 2 |
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tiller |
a stem produced by grass plants; refers to all shoots that grow after the initial parent shoot grows from a seed. |
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tillering |
production of side shoots; enables grasses to produce multiple stems (tillers) starting from the initial single seedling. |
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UAN |
UAN (Urea Ammonium Nitrate) is a quick |
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primary turf used on golf course putting greens in cool regions |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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cool-season turf with poor wear tolerance, but quick recovery |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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when mowed closely, this cool-season grass forms the best fine-textured, soft, extremely dense turf cover |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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vigorous stolons make this one of the fastest-spreading cool-season turfgrasses |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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cool-season grass that handles temperature extremes well |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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extremely high-maintenance turfgrass (close mowing, high disease susceptibility, high fertility and water requirements, tendency to thatch) |
creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
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shade tolerance of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
partial shade is tolerated; full sun is desireable |
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soil requirements of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
• fertile, moisture-holding soils • pH of 5 to 6.5 • tolerates saline soil conditions • dislikes compacted soil |
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botanical name of creeping bentgrass |
Agrostis stolonifera |
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origin of bentgrasses |
thought to be native of Western Europe |
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production method of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera |
may be established either vegetatively or by seed, but seed is slow |
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fertilizer and water requirements of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
low. high rates of nitrogen and frequent irrigation will significantly reduce turf quality |
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wear tolerance of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
poor |
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shade tolerance of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
good shade and winter tolerance |
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origin of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
Europe |
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botanical name of Red fescue — Festuca rubra |
Festuca rubra |
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production method of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
established from seed, with fast germination and establishment |
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disease and insect resistance of fine fescue — Festuca spp. |
development of endophyte-containing cultivars has improved insect and disease tolerance, and overall performance of fine fescues |
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use of fine fescues |
rarely planted as monocultures; mixed with other cool-season grasses |
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soil requirements of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
will tolerate infertile, saline, alkaline, wet, and dry soil conditions |
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wear tolerance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
good, but lack of lateral shoots limits its use on sports fields |
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shade tolerance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
fair |
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temperature hardiness of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
poor low-temperature hardiness, but good heat tolerance |
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origin of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
Europe |
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botanical name of tall fescue |
Festuca arundinacea |
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production method of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
established by sod and by seed, with a very good rate of establishment |
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mowing height of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
2 inches or more |
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pest resistance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea |
good to excellent disease and insect resistance, especially the endophyte-containing cultivars |
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primary regions using Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
coastal regions of the Northeast and Northwest |
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primary uses of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
golf course fairways or highly maintained lawns |
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mowing height of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
0.4-inch to 1-inch; does not tolerate close mowing as well as creeping and velvet bentgrass |
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growth habit of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
spreads by weak rhizomes and stolons |
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disease resistance of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
very susceptible to fungal diseases |
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heat and drought tolerance of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
not tolerant of heat or drought |
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relative management needs of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis |
lower management needs than creeping and velvet bentgrass |
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mowing height of creeping bentgrass |
close mowing requirements; <0.25 to 0.75 inches |
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botanical name of Colonial bentgrass |
Agrostis tenuis |
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active turfgrasses are what percent water by weight? |
75-85% |
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effects of proper irrigation on turf |
• fewer weeds & insect pests • deep, healthy roots • helps turf recover quickly |
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effects of too much water on turf |
• excess drainage and leaching of nutrients • waterlogged, anaerobic soils |
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field capacity |
the percentage of water remaining in a soil 2 or 3 days after saturation. ideal irrigation frequency will keep the soil water in the upper 50% of field capacity |
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how much water to apply when irrigating |
enough water to wet at least 1 inch below the root system |
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warm-season turfgrass crop coefficient |
0.75 |
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cool-season turfgrass crop coefficient |
0.85 |
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distribution uniformity formula |
(average of the lowest 25% / average of the total amount collected) x 100 |