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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiate between the processes of urbanisation and urban growth.
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Urbanisation:the proportion of the population of a country who live in urban areas and the increase in the number of people living in urban settlements over a period of time.
- involves rural-urban migration Urban Growth: occurs when there is an increase in the number (not proportion) of urban dwellers in a country or region. - involves immigration |
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Account for processes or Urbanisation and Urban Growth as they occur in Australia.
- Mainly due to historical factors which continue today. |
1. Australia was settled when Europe was undergoing economic change, invention of manufacturing resulted in urban growth.
2. New farm machinery reduced labour so rural workers moved to manufacturing and tertiary industries in cities. 3. Commercial farming system instead of a subsistence economy also added to rural-urban migration. 4. New transport technology increased urban area size & transport routes mainly located in urban coastal areas. 5. Mining and capital investment in urban areas provided an increase in urbanisation and urban growth. 6. By 1890 two thirds of Australian pop. lived in urban areas mainly along coast, inland towns along railway lines and main roads. 7. Immigration always an important source of urban growth, Post 1950 high levels of immigration and natural pop. increase. 8. Post 1950 urbanisation was caused by caused by greater industrial growth and development of tertiary activity. 9. 70% of labour force in tertiary industry which is concentrated in urban areas, leading to urbanisation. 10. Employment opportunities, declining rural incomes, lack of jobs and education after school cause people to move away from rural areas - urbanisation. 11. Post 1970's level of urbanisation changed - people move to the country for a more peaceful lifestyle 'sea change' 12. Small country towns expand economic base - more appealing to people are more goods and services are offered. |
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Define the concept of Urban Primacy
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Primacy: the tendency of on urban area to grow much larger than any other urban area.
- outranks any centre in region or state in terms of economic, social and political dominance. - must contain at least 40% of the state's population and the next biggest centre must have no more than 10% - Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra and Darwin are all primate cities. - Brisbane and Hobart display primacy to a lesser extent. |
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Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of historical factors.
Hint: 4 |
1. Colonial outposts developed as ports, transports nodes, major manufacturing and tertiary centres and administrative centres.
2. Separate origins of the states as colonies - development of one main centre in each state e.g. Victoria - Melbourne. 3. Commercial farming system, mechanisation meant ag. system had few workers and most of the pop. concentrated in coastal cities. 4. Colonial centres became port cities, transhipment points, admin centres and a lack of alternative sites increased their commercial and administrative dominance. |
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Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of economic factors.
Hint: 4 |
1. Late 19th century railway developed, linked ag. lands with cities and trade inn cities increased as all trade was now directed thru them.
2. Concentration of pop. in state capitals created a large domestic market and skilled labour force attracting development of industry. 3. Some capitals sought to increase dominance by developing industry e.g. Perth in '66 - '70 grew due to mineral exploration. 4. Concentration of manufacturing in cities and lack of alternative port sites increased their dominance. |
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Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of demographic factors.
Hint: 3 |
1. Natural population increase and rural-urban migration contribute to increase in concentration of population in capital cities.
2. Increasing farm technology, mechanisation and farm amalgamation leads to rural depopulation and farmers are attracted to capital cities by employment. 3. Migrants enter Australia through capital cities and tend to stay in them due to job opportunities being greater. |
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Account for the level of urban primacy in terms of political factors.
Hint: 4 |
1. First point of settlement in each state became the admin centre for the government until 1901. (Perth, Sydney, Melbourne etc).
2. After Federation the states maintained responsibility for most aspects of government, admin centres in capital cities remained. 3. Admin function of capitals had an attracting force on other activities e.g. industry so capitals were able to increase their dominance. 4. Lack of government and resources in rural areas led to some rural-urban migration. |
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Problems caused by Primacy
(not required on the syllabus). |
1. City growth places pressure on existing housing facilities and creates traffic congestion, increases the cost of living.
2. Increased burden is placed on the city water supplies. Problem as Australia experiences drought, dry spells. 3. Unemployment can increase when attraction of population occurs at a faster rate than the growth of industry. 4. Rural areas can become impoverished and lack of growth occurs. 5. Lack of funding and social infrastructure in rural areas become below the standards of the primate city. 6. Rural-urban migration of a young workforce occurs in response to lack of secondary and tertiary employment opportunities. |
