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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is included in the Urinary system?
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-2 kidneys
-2 ureters -1 urinary bladder -1 urethra |
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how much can the bladder hold?
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800-1,000ml of urine
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nephrology:
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study of kidneys
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Urology
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study of urinary and reproductive systems of both males and females
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Urologist
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one who studies that urogenital system
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3 things that the urinary system does:
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filtration (filter blood plasma and waste), reabsorption (of wastes) and secretion (of urine)
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7 functions of the kidneys:
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1) regulate blood ionic composition (Na, Ca, Cl, K, HPO4)
2) regulate blood pH (excrete H ions and conserve HCO3) 3) regulate blood volume 4) maintain blood osmolarity (maintain isotonic nature) 5) produce hormones (Calcitrol and Erythropoietin) 6) regulate blood glucose levels by using glutamine 7) excrete waste and foreign objects (ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatine) |
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Calcitrol:
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a hormone produced by the kidneys... it's an active form of vitamin D and regulates Ca homeostasis
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Erythropoietin:
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a hormone produced by the kidneys ... stimulate RBC production
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Retroperitoneal:
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this is what the kidneys are referred to as, means "behind peritoneal"
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location of kidneys:
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-just above the waist
-last thorasic and 3 lumbar |
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which ribs protect the kidneys?
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the 11th and 12th ribs protect partially
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which kidney is slightly lower than the other?
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right kidney is slightly lower because of liver location
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size of kidneys:
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10-12cm long
5-7cm wide 3cm thick |
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There is an indentation in the kidneys... what is this called?
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Concave medial border
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What is in the middle of the concave medial border?
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the renal hilum
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What stems from the renal hilum?
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BV (renal artery and vein), lymph nodes, ureter, and nerves
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3 layers of kidneys:
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deep, middle, and superficial
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deep layer of the kidneys:
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renal capsule, dense irregular tissue, its smooth and transparent
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middle layer of the kidneys:
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adipose tissue, protects kidneys from trauma and anchors it in place
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superficial layer of kidneys:
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renal facsia, anchors to surrounding structures and abdominal wall, thin dense irregular tissue
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renal sinus:
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cavity inside hilum
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function of ureter:
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transportation
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function of urethra:
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excretes the urine
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renal cortex:
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outer portion of kidney, function is filtration and reabsorption
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renal medulla:
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deep to renal cortex, has renal pyramids and renal columns.
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renal pyramids:
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striped pyramid looking shit
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renal columns:
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spaces in between pyramids
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Parenchyma:
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functional portion of the kidneys
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what are within the parenchyma?
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nephrons
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nephrons:
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about 1 million in each kidney
-urine is formed here and is drained into the papillary ducts |
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Papillary ducts:
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small cups that extend all through the pyramids and columns.
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how many minor calycex?
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8-18 per kidney
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how many major calycex?
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2-3 per kidney
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flow of urine:
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-nephrons
-papillary ducts -minor calycex -major calycex -renal pelvis -ureter -urinary bladder -urethra |
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Pathway of urine in kidneys:
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1)nephrons
2)collecting ducts 3)papillary ducts 4)minor calyx 5)major calyx 6)renal pelvis 7)ureter 8)urinary bladder 9)urethra |
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why is blood flow important in the urinary system?
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because urine is formed FROM the blood
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how much blood flows through the kidneys in adults?
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1200 mL/ min
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Blood flow IN KIDNEYS:
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1)enters renal artery
2)segmental arteries -reach segments of renal medulla 3)interlobar arteries 4)arcutate arteries 5)cortical radiate arteries 6)afferent arteries -enter renal cortex 7)Glomerulus capillaries 8)efferent arteries 9)peritubular capillaries 10)cortical radiate veins 11)arcuate veins 12)interlobar veins 13)renal vein |
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where are the interlobar arteries?
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in between renal pyramids
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where are the arcuate arteries?
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between renal cortex and medulla
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where are the cortical radiate arteries?
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in between lobes of renal medulla
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how many capillary beds?
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1 per nephron (so million in each kidney)
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what are the two parts to the nephron?
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-renal corpuscle
-renal tubule |
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renal corpuscle:
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-filters plasma and has two parts:
1)Glomerulus 2)Glomeruler Capsule (aka Bowman's) |
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Glomerulus:
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part of renal corpuscle that is the capillary network
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Glomeruler Capsule (Bowman's)
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part of renal corpuscle that filters blood plasma and pushes it to the renal tubules
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Renal Tubules (structural)
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-this is where filtered fluid flows and it contains:
1)Proximal convoluted tubule (proximal to Glomerulus) 2)Nephron loop 3)Distal convoluted tubule (moves into collecting ducts) |
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Podocytes:
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specialized epithelial cells/simple squamous cells with foot-like projections, allows greater filtration by increasing the surface area.... these have fenstration and pores
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FUNCTION of renal tubule:
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-it makes the urine.
1)Tubular reabsorption 2)Tubular Secretion |
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Tubular Reabsorption
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function of the renal tubule that about 99% of all filtered solutes and water are absorbed and given back to blood
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Tubular Secretion:
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function of renal tubule that secretes unneeded items (drugs, waste, excess ions)
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Glomerular Filtrate:
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substances filtered from blood plasma by podocytes
-can consist of glucose, sodium, potassium, urea, and creatine. |
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Fenstrations:
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large pores about 70 ~ 100 nm big, they do not permit solid components (RBC or platelets) through
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Filtration is affected by:
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-pore size
-myogenic mechanism -gloumular-tubular feedback -neuronal regulation -hormonal regulation |
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Myogenic feedback (mechanism)
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-this is filtration control in kidneys
-its stretching of afferent arteriole, affects the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -increases BP, decreases GFR (constricted) -decreases BP, increases GFR (dialated) |
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GFR
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(Glomerular Filtration Rate): the rate of filtration of Glomerular capsule filters blood from Glomerulus
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Tubularglomular feedback
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-this is filtration control in the kidneys
-starts at homeostasis---> disruption----> receptors on kidneys signal JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS -----> afferent arteriol constriction ----> decrease in GFR |
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Neuronal Regulation
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-this is a filtration control in the kidneys
-significant drop in BP -----> increase in sympathetic responses ---> increase in norepinephrine release ---> decrease in GFR because of constiction of afferent arteriole -increase in parasympathetic means increase in GFR (or return to normal) |
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Hormonal Regulation
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-this is filtration control in the kidneys
-angiotensin II is released when theres a drop in BP or BV -ANP stimulates H2O and salt loss in urine |
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What is Angiotensin II?
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its a vasoconstictor and it creates a secretion of aldosterone secretion
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how does tubular secretion happen?
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it's a transport mechanism
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what are the active transport mechanisms in the urinary system?
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-active transport pumps (must use ATP)
-elecrtrochemical gradient |
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what are the passive transport mechanisms in the urinary system?
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-osmosis
-diffusion -filtration |
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what do kidneys filter out?
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glucose, Na, urea, vitamins, water, potassium (K)
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What is Angiotensin II?
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its a vasoconstictor and it creates a secretion of aldosterone secretion
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how does tubular secretion happen?
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it's a transport mechanism
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what are the active transport mechanisms in the urinary system?
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-active transport pumps (must use ATP)
-elecrtrochemical gradient |
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what are the passive transport mechanisms in the urinary system?
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-osmosis
-diffusion -filtration |
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what do kidneys filter out?
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glucose, Na, urea, vitamins, water, potassium (K)
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What do the filters exclude?
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proteins, RBC, platelets
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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-responsible fro reabsorption of filtered substances
-water (osmosis), Na (active transport), K (active transport), glucose (active transport) |
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what do the proximal convoluted tubes secrete?
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H, NH4, urea, and creatine
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Nephron Loop:
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-responsible for reabsorption of: H20 (osmosis), Cl (diffusion), Na and K (active transport)
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what does the nephron loop secrete?
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H, NH4, urea, and creatine
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Distal Convuluted Tubules:
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-reabsorption of: H20, Na, Cl and Ca (electrochemical gradient)
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what do the distal convoluted tubules secrete?
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H, NH, urea, and creatine
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what do the 2 ureters do?
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they transport urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
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how do the ureters transport?
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1) Peristalic contractions
2) Hydrostatic pressure & gravity |
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Peristalic contractions:
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contractions of muscular cell wall in a wave-like manner in the ureters
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how long does the transportation from the ureters to the bladder take?
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1-5 minutes
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size of ureters:
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*25 - 30 cm long
*1 - 10 mm in diameter |
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where is the ureters located?
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retroperitoneal
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Physiologic valve:
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between ureters and bladder and stops the backflow of urine.
-if this doesn't work, the person gets a kidney infection |
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3 layers of the ureters (deep to superficial):
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Mucosa, Muscularis, Advenditia
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Mucosa layer of the ureter:
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mucous membrane made of transitional epithelium and lamina propia which is areolar connective tissue
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Muscularis layer of the ureter:
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smooth muscle, peristalic contractions
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Advendita layer of the ureter:
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areolar connective tissue
-includes BV, LV, nerves -helps to anchor the ureters |
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Urinary Bladder (definition):
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its a hollow distendable (meaning it can expand) muscular organ located in pelvic cavity
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where is the bladder located in males?
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directly anterior to the rectum
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where id the urinary bladder located in females?
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anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus
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how much can the female bladder hold?
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700-800mL of urine
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Trigone:
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at floor of bladder, this is where the urinary bladder connects to urethra, very muscular, its one of the 3 openings in the bladder
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what are the openings of the bladder made of?
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theres circular fibers of smooth muscle
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Urogenital diaphragm:
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smooth muscle in a longitudinal fashion that expands and contracts with urinary bladder
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Urethra (defintion):
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runs from internal urethral orifice (where bladder connects) to outside of the body
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how long is a female's urethra?
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4cm
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how long is a male's urethra?
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20cm
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control of urine (aka Micturition Reflex):
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once volume in bladder reaches 200-400mL, there is an increase in pressure that activates stretch receptors...
-then sends an AP to spinal cord -then to micturition center -internal sphincter -simultaneously you get stretch receptors activated in External Urethral Sphinter -AP through spinal cord to brain (pre-central gyrus) |
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Analgesic Nephropathy
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-happens when someone is on long term pain reliever usage; NSAIDs and combine with caffiene, codiene, acetomiphin
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Chronic Renal Failure
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-progressive kidney disease
-end stage renal failure -kidneys no longer filter out at an effective rate, if it reaches below 12% of kidney function, you're put on dialysis |
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Glomerularnephritis:
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-inflammation in glomerulus; common in autoimmune disorders
-effects complement pathway -effects filtration, causing bloating -glomerularnecrosis (scarring of the glomerulus) happens if this goes untreated |
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome:
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-caused by E.coli 0157 H7, causes RBC to lyse
-causes red bloody diaherra -leads to chronic renal failure |