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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Desire to expand the nation's world power through military prowess, economic strength and control of foreign territory
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Imperialism
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Foreign trade; natural resources; imperialist fever; social Darwinism; new manifest destiny
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Reasons to Expand Abroad
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A reason for imperialism; stated countries with sea power were the greatest nations in history and islands were needed for naval bases in the Carribean and Pacific; a canal was needed across isthmus of Central America to connect oceans. After influenced, US moves from 5th to 3rd in naval power in 1900.
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"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" by Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Very active in foreign expansion, in order to stimulate domestic economy and international prestige.
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President McKinley's role in Imperialism
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Head of "Rough Riders," a volunteer army in Spanish American War. Jingoist, imperialist, led construction of American-built Panama Canal. "Big stick policy"- negotiate peacefully while threatening with military.
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President T. Roosevelt's role in Imperialism
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America supports this country in border dispute between Great Britain. US demands to arbitrate conflict-- Pan-Americanism and Monroe Doctrine gives them the right. GB ignores, US threatens war, countries agree to arbitration.
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Venezuela Conflict
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US eyes Pearl Harbor as ideal naval base; US dominates sugar industry here, many American plantations. Queen Liliuokalani recommends new Hawaiian constitution to regain power for herself and the natives. American Annexation Club form Comm. of Public Safety which planned for troops to take control of gov't. Queen abdicates throne in order to prevent war/bloodshed.
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Hawaii
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US, Germany and GB want land from this same island for a naval base. Three countries agree to share by splitting it up.
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Samoa
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-US is not ready, with only 28000 soldiers (no experience in large scale battle)
-Shortages of modern ammunition, weapons, and food -Uniforms not appropriate for tropical climate setting -Relied on National Guard and volunteer army |
Reasons for anti-Spanish American War
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-Yellow journalism
-Independence for Cuba meant more American influence there -De Lôme letter-- intercepted letter from Spanish Ambassador that criticized Pres McKinley -USS Maine-- US warship in Cuba exploded, Americans suspected Spanish blew it up -Jingoism -Sugar Cane |
Reasons for pro-Spanish American War
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Nickname for Spanish American War because it was short and there were few casualties
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"That Splendid Little War"
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-Army segregated
-White soldiers thought they were fighting for white Cubans -White soldiers didn't want to fight with Af. American soldiers -White soldiers took all glory and "glamorous jobs," while Black soldiers did most of the crucial and difficult work. |
Racial conflicts within the US army in Spanish American War
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Volunteer group army led by T. Roosevelt (technically 2nd in command). Bold and reckless battles (Battle of Kettle Hill & San Juan Hill)
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Rough Riders
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After invasion of Puerto Rico, Comm. George Dewey enters Manila Bay to attack Spanish Fleet. Entire Spanish fleet was sank, while at anchor. Philippines regained independence from Spain only to be taken by US.
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Leading up to battle in the Phillipines
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Ends Spanish American War; Cuba gain independence from Spain; US gains Puerto Rico and Guam; US buys Phillipines for $20 mil; US becomes imperial power
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Treaty of Paris 1898
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-Reinvigorate the nation
-Spread democratic ideals -Businessmen saw more financial opportunities in foreign land -US could own foreign land w/o giving citizenship -Phillipines had economic/strategic value that shouldn't fall into other countries' hands. |
Pro-Annexation reasons
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Organization that argued against the annexation of the Phillipines and other acts of Imperialism. Members include Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, William Jennings Bryan.
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American Anti-Imperialist League
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-Imperialism was immoral
-Would pollute the American population by introducing "inferior" Asian races -Industrial workers feared more immigrants taking jobs -Believed annexation would violate ideal of self gov't -Did not want oppression to occur; US should not export racism and violence |
Anti-Imperialists, anti-annexation
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Amendment that Cuba was forced to sign stating that Cuba could not enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence; US could intervene in Cuban affairs, if necessary, to maintain an efficient, independent gov't
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Platt Amendment
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Amendment stating that US could not annex Cuba but leave the island to its people's control
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Teller Amendment
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-Gave full territorial status to Puerto Rico
-Removed tarriff on PR goods coming into US -PR elected their own legislators and governors to enforce local laws -PR citizens can NOT vote in US presidential elections |
Jones Act
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An agreement stating that Germany, Japan, GB, Russia, France and US should have open access to China. Some countries supported, Russia rejected, Japan ignored it. Policy was meaningless unless US fought for it.
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Open Door Policy
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Countries that have significant cultural, economic, military or political influence. Imperialistic world powers.
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Spheres of Influence
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A peasant based rebellion against foreign countries and imperialism in Northern China. Killed foreigners and Chinese Christians
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The Boxer Rebellion
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Spheres of Influence worked together to put down the uprising, implementing the Open Door Policy
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Outcome of the Boxer Rebellion
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If any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically or financially unstable/vulnerable to European takeover/control, US had the right and obligation to intervene
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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Author of "Influence of Sea Power Upon History"
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Chinese peasants that started a rebellion that were anti-foreigners and anti-imperialism
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Boxers
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During Spanish American War, he lead US ship into Manila Bay and sunk entire Spanish fleet ship, helping to conquer the Philippines
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Commodore George Dewey
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Spanish ambassador who's letter, criticizing Pres. McKinley, was intercepted. His letter was a cause of the Spanish American War.
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Dupuy De Lome
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Sec. of War who modernized the US military.
-US must have standing army of 100,000 so as not to rely on a volunteer army -More officer training schools -Est. Joint Chiefs of Staff position which supervised & coordinated the entire armed forces establishment |
Elihu Root
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Leader of Filipino uprising against US
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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"The Butcher"-- he started the "Reconstruction Policy" which sent Cubans to concentration camps, denying prisoners food, shelter, and sanitation. 20,000 Cuban citizens died in the death camps (1/3 of population)
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General Valeriano Wyler
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US Secretary of State who came up with the Open Door Policy
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John Hay
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Newspaper publishers who introduced the style of yellow journalism, which was a cause of the Spanish American War
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Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
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Queen of Hawaii who abdicated her throne to prevent warfare amongst her people and the US
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Queen Liliuokalani
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Head of the Annexation Club in Hawaii, after US took control of the islands he became the governor of Hawaii.
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Stanford Ballard Dole
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Jingoist US President that introduced the "Big Stick Policy," led the Rough Riders Army, and led the fight for an American built Panama Canal.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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First Governor-General of the Philippines, then became the successor of President T. Roosevelt; initiated "dollar diplomacy" which encouraged investment of US capital in foreign countries to further US foreign interests.
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William Howard Taft
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First President to become interested in Imperialism, he led the beginnings of conquering islands for naval bases and declared Spanish American War.
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William McKinley
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The action of expanding a country's foreign territory, by seizing land and legitimizing through international recognition.
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Annexation
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Mediation of a conflict by a neutral 3rd party.
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Arbitration
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Someone who is an extreme nationalist/patriot.
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Jingo
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A policy stating that the US would not interfere in European affairs if Europe would not interefere in US affairs.
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Monroe Doctrine
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Valeriano Weyler's strategy of moving rebellious Cubans to concentration camps-- a vast majority of people died in these camps
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“Reconcentration” Policy
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The idea that nations (just like races) struggle for existence and only the fittest and powerful survive.
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Social Darwinism
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Journalism that was used to draw in readers by scary headlines in huge print, dramatic pictures/drawings, faked interviews, misleading headlines, full color Sunday issues w/ comic strips, dramatic sympathy for the "underdog"
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Yellow journalism
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Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism & War Plans, Secret Alliances
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Causes of WWI
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Assassination of Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip (Serbian national)
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The Spark of WWI
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Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Ottoman Empire
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Triple Alliance
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France
England America (eventually) Russia |
Triple Entente
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Combat involving opponents fighting inside trenches to hide and shelter themselves from artillery
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Trench warfare
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-Sinking of the Lusitania
-Sinking of the Sussex -Russian Revolution -Germany violation of Sussex Pledge (unrestricted submarine warfare) -Zimmerman Telegram |
How the US was brought out of neutrality, into war
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Because the standing army (100,000) was not sufficient, this registered 24 mil men for war, and drafted about 3 mil of them.
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Selective Service Act
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US Armed Forces sent to fight overseas in WWI, included standing army, drafted army, and volunteer army
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American Expeditionary Force
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Liberty bonds and taxes:
-steep graduated income of 68% -25% inheritance tax -"excess tax" on corporations |
US ways to pay for war
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Government organization to settle disputes between workers and business owners (in order to meet war needs)
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National War Labor Board
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Coordinated gov't purchases-- direct factory output
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War Industries Board
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Organized domestic food supply, voluntary food restrictions (Wheatless Wednesday, Meatless Monday)
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Food Administration Council
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Women allowed to enlist in the Navy and Marine Corps, handling small weaponry and servicing as nurses.
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Women's Auxiliary
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Purpose: unite public opinion behind war.
-created thousands of paintings, war posters, cartoons, pro-war literature, -released gov't accounts of war to the public -exercised "self censorship" |
Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee)
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Outlawing support of enemies during wartime, insubordination in the military, ordered Postmaster Gen to remove seditious things in the mail
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Espionage Act of 1917
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Act to limit speaking out against the government.
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Sedition Act
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Court case it was stated that a defendant did not have a 1st Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during WWI (outlawed example of falsely shouting fire in a public space, causing a panic)
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Schenck v. US
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Anti-German sentiment & 100% Americanism/nativism
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These principles were promoted when the "attacks on civil liberties" were implemented
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The Great Migration
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Large push-pull migration of Af. Americans from the South. Dramatic growth in black communities in the North, which upset existed black communities and whites.
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Push of the Great Migration
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Poverty
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Pull of the Great Migration
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Prospect
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Race riots
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Product of resentment from whites to new black citizens from the Great Migration.
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Summary of the Fourteen Points
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Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace. 1. Adjust post-war boundaries & self determination.
2. Rules to govern international conduct such as freedom of the seas, secret treaties, trade 3. Create "League of Nations." Plan was dismissed and only idea used was L of N |
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Peace without Victory
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Wilson's ideal of ending the war with no winning or losing sides, no land would be gained, no blame would be placed.
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League of Nations
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Implemented idea from Fourteen Points, an organization of member nations that worked to achieve lasting peace. Congress would not allow America to join though.
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Treaty of Versailles
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A treaty made during a peace conference, excluding Germany from it. Treaty totally contrasted Fourteen Points-- vindictive towards Germany. Forced Germany to pay millions in reparations, take full blame for war, and give up Rhineland (forming Czechoslovakia & Poland) and overseas colonies, reduce army/navy size. A-H split into two countries.
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Examples of American Society in Turmoil, post-war.
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-Economic Recession
-Strikes (13,600 in 1919) -Progressivism is gone -Race Riots |
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Franz Ferdinand
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Assassinated Archduke of Austria Hungary, which sparked WWI
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Gavrilo Princip
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Serbian national who assassinated Archduke of A-H
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Woodrow Wilson
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US President during WWI. Campaign slogan was "He Kept Us Out of the War." Devised the Fourteen Points Peace Plan
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Vladimir Lenin
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Political leader who overthrew the Republic of Russia, which he turned into the Soviet Union.
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Arthur Zimmerman
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German Secretary of Foreign Affairs whose telegram-- instructing Mexico to attack the US in exchange for regained land-- was intercepted by the US and prompted US to enter WWI.
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General John J. Pershing
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Head of the American Expeditionary Forces during WWI.
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George Creel
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Head of Committee on Public Information, which created US pro-war propaganda.
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Herbert Hoover (WWI)
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Head of the US Food Administration, organized domestic food supply and came up with days of food restriction "Wheatless Wednesday and Meatless Monday"
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Marcus Garvey
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Began the United Negro Improvement Association. Promoted Black Nationalism-- taking pride in achievements and reject assimilation with white society. Started African Redemption movement-- goal for African descendants to "redeem" Africa from European colonial powers.
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A. Mitchell Palmer
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US Attorney General who lead communist raids during the Red Scare.
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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Italian immigrants; anarchists; tried for suspected (because of anarchy ideals) armed robbery and murder of store clerk and security guard-- convicted and executed.
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Neutrality
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America's first stance during WWI, meaning that they did not intend to fight nor favor certain alliances.
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Unterseeboot – U-boats
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German term for submarines-- Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare was a cause of American entering WWI.
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Lusitania
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British passenger ship that was sunk without warning by Germany, killing 128 Americans passengers. Reason for US to enter WWI.
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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Germany violation of Sussex Pledge, sinking unsuspecting ships. Reason for US to enter WWI.
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Sussex Pledge
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Agreement that restricted submarine warfare, after the sinking of the Lusitania and the Sussex
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Zimmerman telegram
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Intercepted message from Germany to Mexico instructing MX to attack US in exchange for regained land. Reason for US to enter WWI.
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Bolsheviks
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Political party that overthrew Republic of Russia and turned it into USSR.
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Armistice
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Temporary peace agreement. Germany agreed to armistice until construction of a peace treaty, which they assumed (from 14 points) would be fair.
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Reparations
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Payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make according to the Treaty of Versailles, to repair all damage from the war.
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Red Scare
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US fear of communism, post WWI. Prompted series of raids to find American communists and radicals.
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“He kept us out of the war”
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Campaign slogan of Woodrow Wilson
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“make the world safe for democracy”
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Pres Wilson's reason for entering WWI.
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Clear and present danger
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a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on 1st Amendment freedoms of speech/press/assembly.
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June 1914
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
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April 6 1917
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US enters WWI
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November 11, 1918
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Germany agrees to armistice
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October 29, 1929
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Stock Market Crash/ Black Tuesday.
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Consumer credit and the installment plan
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agreements that allowed consumers to buy products that they may not be able to fully pay for at one time. The consumer pays a down payment on the product first, and then promises to pay the rest in installments.
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“the Business of America is Business”
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Pres Coolidge quote claiming business made America great, provided the nation with the most vigorous and wisest leadership. America’s top priority was business.
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Flappers
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Women who wanted to break free from the normal expectations of young women-- they wore short dresses, smoked in public and wore red lipstick (typically "improper"). strived for independence, equality, and self reliance.
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Age of Celebrity
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Time of audiences revering people for acting in movies and playing in sports rather than through their accomplishments in politics or war. Arose through the mass marketers realizing they could make big sums of money through staging events that tens of thousands could attend and could be radio-broadcasted to millions of Americans
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Modernists
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People who favored science over religion, thought people should be free to live their own lifestyles, favored equality throughout all cultural, racial, and gender groups, focused on living in the future
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Traditionalists
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People who favored religion over science, followed the moral code set in the Bible, thought white men were superior; wanted to restore Old America. Pro-KKK, pro-WASP; anti-immigration, anti-evolution.
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Religious Fundamentalism
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regarded the Bible as God’s word; thought every event in Bible happened exactly as described; thought God intervened directly in the lives of individuals/communities. Cities were full of evil- poverty, moral degeneracy, irreligion, crass materialism.
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Liberal Protestantism
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Thought religion had to be adapted to the skeptical and scientific temper of the modern age; Bible was to be mined for ethical values rather than literal truth; God seen as less active, and as a distant/benign power; Against quest for salvation; for the pursuit of good deeds, social conscience, and love for one’s neighbor. Usually middle class city people.
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Scopes Trial
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Trial used to demonstrate the absurdity a Tennessee law that forbade teaching any theory other than divine creation. A teacher admit to teaching Evolution to students. Although he was found guilty, the prosecuter ended up looking like an imbecile; after this trial, fundamentalists retreated from intervening in politics and focused on their own spirituality.
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Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act of 1924
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Product of growing nativism during the 1920s, this act reduced immigration, allowing a quota of 165,000 immigrants per year into the country.
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Cultural dislocation in the 1920s
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The feeling of rural Americans fearing that urban America was taking over the nation and undermining the “true” America.
-According to census, more citizens lived in urban areas rather than rural. -Small towns began to build car dealerships and movie theaters |
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Harlem Renaissance
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Black literary and artistic awakening, prompted by the popularity of jazz music. Black artists rooted their own culture instead of imitating Europeans/Americans. Symbolized by “New Negro” who displayed independence through talent and determination.
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Babe Ruth
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Famous NY Yankees baseball player
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Charles Lindbergh
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a revered pilot who flew his plane “The Spirit of St Louis” Trans-Atlantic for 34 consecutive hours, without sleep.
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Amelia Earhart
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First female pilot to fly solo trans-Atlantic
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Warren G. Harding
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President during 1920s, known for lots of corruption:
-he was controlled by Rep. Party bosses -made sure all of his "buddies" had gov't jobs -built career on willing to please lobbyists who came in asking for favors/deals. Corruption exposed in Teapot Dome Scandal, men were arrested for swindling-- he initially turned a blind eye but then grew depressed when acknowledged. |
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Calvin Coolidge
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President during 1920's, very conservative, quiet and reserved. Believed "the best government was one that governed least (laissez-faire style)"
-welfare of the country depended on the citizens and their willingness to work hard -Took pride in reducing he governments control over the economy |
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John T. Scope
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Biology teacher who was put on trial for teaching the theory of Evolution to students.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Prosecuter of Scopes Trial, who was depicted as an idiot because the purpose of trial was to demonstrate whether if the violated law was unconstitutional rather than if Scopes was guilty
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F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Lost Generation
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Generation of American writers and artists who did not strive to make impact on society, rather they looked down on society.
-Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot. |
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Al Capone
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Infamous mobster who employed 1,000 men to protect liquor trafficking business during Prohibition. Was the richest and most feared gangster in America
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Associationalism
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idea of government indirectly aiding the economy by encouraging farmers, industrialists, and bankers to share information and work together for recovery
-gov't would provide information, strategies, ocassional loans & morale boosting speeches -encouraged private volunteer efforts to ease crisis |
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Welfare Capitalism
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Corporative initiative to insure worker's loyalty and convince them that the industry had their best interests in mind-- try to prevent unions
-setting up company baseball teams and workplace cafeterias -hired on-sight medical staff and psychologist -published company newsletters -gave awards and bonuses to employees that did their work/with good spirit |
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Speakeasy
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Secret establishments that sold alcohol during the Prohibition
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Prohibition
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Period of time when production, solicitation and consumption of alcohol was outlawed
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Ku Klux Klan
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1920 revival of the white supremacist organization which targeted blacks, Jews and Catholics-- wanting to eliminate their influence and restore "Anglo-Saxon" purity. Over 4 million members; individual groups resembling fraternal societies- friendship networks (like Knights of Columbus).
-Told vicious rumors about Jewish and Catholic and boycotted their businesses which ruined their reputations |
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President Herbert Hoover
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President during the beginning of the Great Depression, made no effort to aid financial crisis. Used associationalism rather than direct help. Americans despised him for not helping
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Liberal President during Great Depression. Very charming and fun-loving. Advocated gov't economical intervention, promised "New Deal" within 1st 100 days, had a black cabinet.
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