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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mobitz I
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Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol. |
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Mobitz II
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BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
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P wave
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Atrial depol.
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a wave
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LA contraction
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T wave
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Vetricular repol.
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Wavy fibers
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Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
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Janeway’s lesions
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Acute bacterial endocarditis.
Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles. |
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Osler’s nodes
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Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
Tender lesions of fingers & toes. |
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Thiamine defcy
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Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss |
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
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Serous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
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Friction Rub
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Pericarditis association
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
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Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
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Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
Due to amyloidosis in the elderly Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa). |
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PML’s infectious agent
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JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
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Edema
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Pc (more seeps out)
Decreased πc (less reabsorbed) Increased permeability Block lymphatic drainage |
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
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Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis |
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Malignant HTN & Kidneys
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Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
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Nephritic signs
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Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
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Nephrotic signs
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Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/
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Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
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ASO seen in
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Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to bHGASrtep)
Anti streptolysin O |
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Crescentic GN
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Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis |
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Hereditary Nephritis
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Alport’s syndrome. X linked
Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities |
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Membranoproliferative GN
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Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
See tram tracking |
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TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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C3 & IgG deposits
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TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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Only C3 deposits
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
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IgM & C3 deposits
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Cold agglutinins
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Seen in atypical pneumonia
It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs |
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Scrofula
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TB in the lymph nodes
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Aspirin-Asthma Triad
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Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
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Ferruginous bodies
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Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
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Pancoast’s tumor causes
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Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
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Fatty degeneration
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Made up primarily of triglycerides
Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis Associated w/ CCl4- |
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Cloudy swelling
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Failure of cellular Na pump
Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver |
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Hydropic degeneration
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Severe form of cloudy swelling
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Liquefaction necrosis
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Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation |
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Coagulation necrosis
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Result of sudden ischemia
Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen |
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Caseation necrosis
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Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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Seen in the walls of small arteries
Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis |
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Fat necrosis
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Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results |
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Hemoptysis
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Blood in sputum
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Pulmonary embolism
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Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
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Phlebothrombosis
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From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability |
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Saddle embolus
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Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
Significantly increased RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale |
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Paradoxical embolism
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Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect |
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Tuberculoid granuloma
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Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections |
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Cellulitis
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Spreading infection due to streptococcus
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PSA
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Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
|
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5-HT
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In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
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aFeto Protein
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Hepatocarcinoma
Neural tube defects |
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CEA
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
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Chromosome 13
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Retinoblastoma
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Chromosome 11p
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Wilms tumor of the kidney
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Vinyl Chloride
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Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
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Agent Orange
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Contains digoxin
Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas |
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Parasites & CA
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Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
S. mansoni = Colon CA Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen |
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Ochronosis
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Alkaptonuria
Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage |
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Lead poisoning
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Acid fast inclusion bodies
Increased urinary coproprophyrin Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic Stippling of the basophils Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray Mental retardation |
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Heroin OD, clinically
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Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
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Atypical mycobacterium
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M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
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Cold abscesses
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Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
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Actinomyces isrealli
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Farmers infection
Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus |
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Congenital Syphilis
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Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
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Warthin-Finkeledy cells
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Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus |
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
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a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
|
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Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
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Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
Common among drug addicts & diabetics |
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Mitral Insufficiency
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Ruptured papillary muscle
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Left Anterior Descending branch
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Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum |
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Left Circumflex branch
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Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV |
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Dissecting Aneurysm
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False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim |
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Cor Pulmonale
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Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
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Acute Cor Pulmonale
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Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
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Bronchopneumonia
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Lobular (rather than lobar)
Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli Abscess formation is common |
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Lobar pneumonia
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Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media |
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Bronchiectasis
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Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
Supparation associated Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement |
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Cold Agglutinins
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Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Panlobular Emphysema
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a1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung
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Bulla
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Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
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Farmer’s Lung
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Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
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Bagassosis
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Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
Inhalation of sugar cane dust |
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Silo-Filler’s Lung
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Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
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G6PDH Deficiency
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Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs |
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HbF
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Multiple Myeloma
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Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
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Hodgkin’s Disease
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Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
Reed Sternberg cells |
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag Can see fever; abd.pain; ¯ wt; HTN; muscle aches |
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Sprue
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Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels |
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Regional Enteritis
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Crohn’s Disease
Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum |
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Whipple’s Disease
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Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
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Kulchitsky cells
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Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence
Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep Not transmural involvement |
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Vaginal Adenosis
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Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix |
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Scirrhous Carcinoma
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Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
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Hofbauer Cells
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Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Retinopathy of Prematurity
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Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
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IgA deficiency
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Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction |
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Priamry Sjorgen’s
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Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
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Secondary Sjorgen’s
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Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
RA association shows HLA-DR4 |
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LDH1 & LDH2
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Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
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LDH3
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Lung tissue
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LDH4 & LDH5
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Liver cells
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Keratomalacia
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Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
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Metabisfite Test
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Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2 |
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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
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Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells |
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Wright’s stain
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Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Mononucleosis
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Due to EBV infeciton
If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur. |
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T(8;14)
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Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
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T(9;22)
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CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
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Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape |
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Myeloid Metaplasia
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Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis |
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Multiple Myeloma
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Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx
Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction) |
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T(14;18)
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NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
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Focal Segmental GN exs
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IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
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Nephrotic Syndrome exs
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Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
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Schistosoma Haematobium
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Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction |
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Penicillin Resistant PID
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PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
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Duret Hemorrhages
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Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas |
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Hypertensive Hemorrhage
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Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
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Cerebral Embolism from
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MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
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Neurosyphilis
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Tabes Dorsalis = ¯ joint position sensation, ¯ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
Syphilitic meningitis Paretic neurosyphilis |
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5p-
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Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
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Trisomy 13
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Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
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Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
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Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs
Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections |
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Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
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Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
|
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RBC Osmotic Fragility
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Hereditary Spherocytosis
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
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Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene Large Cell Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL |
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Singer’s Nodules
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Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
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Paraseptal emphysema
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Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
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Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
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Betel nuts
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Associated to oral cancer.
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Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
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Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
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Antral (Type B) Gastritis
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Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
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Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas) |
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Acute Pancreatitis
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pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase
Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back |
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Radiating Back Pain
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Chronic pancreatitis
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Complete Hydatidiform Mole
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No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
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Partial Hydatidiform Mole
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Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
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Cold Nodules
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Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
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Acidophils
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Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH |
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Basophils
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Thyrotrophs = TSH
Gonadotrophs = LH Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH |
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Lacunar Strokes
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Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
Sensory: lesion of thalamus Motor: lesion of internal capsule |
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CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
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¯ Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure
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CSF of Viral Meningitis
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Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes
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Marble Bone Disease
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Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = ¯ osteoclasts
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C5a
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Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
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C3b
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Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
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Anaphylotoxins
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C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
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Vasoactive Mediators
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Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF |
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Platelet Aggregation
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ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
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Platelet Antagonist
|
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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Intrinsic Pathway
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F XII (Hagman): APTT
|
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Extrinsic Pathway
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F VII: PT
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Lines of Zahn
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Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
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Currant Jelly appearance
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Post mortem clots
|
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Emigration: Chemotaxis
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Margination
Pavementing Adhesion Chemotaxis Phagocytosis Intracellular microbial killing |
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Transudate
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Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
|
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Exudate
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Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
|
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Hurler’s
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Lysosomal storage disease a L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
|
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Galactosemia
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Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate
|
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Phenylketonuria
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Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products
Mousy body odor |
|
Autosomal Dominant Diseases
|
Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) Hereditary Spherocytosis Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) Marfan’s Syndrome Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) Tuberous Sclerosis Von Hippel Lindau Disease |
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Autosomal Recessive Diseases
|
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher’s Niemann-Pick Hurler’s Von Gierke’s Pompe’s Cori’s McArdle’s Galactosemia PKU Alkaptonuria |
|
X Linked Recessive Diseases
|
Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
Fabry’s Disease (a Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside) Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside) Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid) G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside) Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside) |
|
Hypersensitivity Reactions
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Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing |
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Transplant Rejections
|
Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage. |
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Blood Metastasis
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Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
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Lymph Metastasis
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Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
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Aflatoxin
|
Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA
|
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Cleft Lip
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Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
|
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Cleft Palate
|
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
|
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Craniopharyngioma
|
416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
|
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
|
Inolved in Vision relay
|
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Medial Geniculate Body
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Involved in Hearing relay
|
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Lung Development
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Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa |
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Heart’s 1st Beat
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21-22 days
|
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Foregut
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Mouth à Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
|
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Midgut
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Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct à Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
|
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Hindgut
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Splenic Flexure à Butt crack à supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
|
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Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
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Narcolepsy
|
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Type I Error
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a: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
|
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Subdural Hematoma
|
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
|
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Epidural Hematoma
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Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
|
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Type II Error
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b: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
|
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Power
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1 - b
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Sensitivity
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TP/TP + FN
|
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Specificity
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TN/TN + FP
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Positive Predictive Value
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TP/TP + FP
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Negative Predictive Value
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TN/TN + FN
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Odds Ratio
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ad/bc
|
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d-Dimers
|
DIC
|
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Delusion
|
Disorder of thought content
|
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Loose Association
|
Skip from topic to topic
|
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5 Stages of Death
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Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
|
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1st Branchial Arch
|
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
|
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2nd Branchial Arch
|
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
|
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Median nerve lesion
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No pronation
|
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Radial nerve lesion
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Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
|
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Common peroneal lesion
|
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
|
|
Diract inguinal hernia
|
Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men |
|
Indirect inguinal hernia
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Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close |
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@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
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T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein |
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Hemiballism
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Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
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O Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the Golgi
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N Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the RER
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MLF Syndrome
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Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS |
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ADA Deficiency
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SCID
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Raphe Nucleus
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Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
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b waves
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Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
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Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
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Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase |
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Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
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PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium |
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Pellagra
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Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use |
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TLCFN
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Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & a Ketoglutarate DH complex
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LCAT or PCAT
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Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase |
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HMGCoA Reductase
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Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA à Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin |
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Ketogenic amino acids
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Leucine & Lysine
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Glucogenic amino acids
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Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
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Keto & Gluco amino acids
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Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
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Carnitine Shuttle
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Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
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Cori Cycle
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Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use |
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(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
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Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [ heart contractility] |
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TCA Cycle Products
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“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate à Aconitate à Isocitrate à a Ketoglutarate à Succinyl à Succinate à Fumarate à Malate àOAA |
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Cones
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Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
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Rods
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Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
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Gastrula
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Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
|
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Epiblast
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@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
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Sydenham’s Chorea
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Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
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(+) Frei Test
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Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
|
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Sabouraud’s Agar
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Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
|
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FMR1 Gene Defect
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Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
|
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Barr Body
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Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO |
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Aortic Insufficiency Signs
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Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation |
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Scleroderma :”CREST”
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Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
|
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Cretinism
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Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button |
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Hemochromatosis Triad
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Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition
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