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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Risks of butt injections
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-Injections given in superomedial part of buttock risk injury to gluteal nerves.
-injections given in inferomedial part of buttock risk injury to sciatic nerve -superolateral quadrant of buttock is safe site for intramuscular injections |
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"Gluteus medius gait"
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-hip dips downward when ipsilateral foot is lifted off the ground
-this gait is observed when there is injury to superior gluteal nerve (as with injection to superomedial part of buttock) or to gluteus medius muscle itself |
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Superior gluteal nerve
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-derived from L4-S1 ventral rami
-leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, above the level of the piriformis -likely to be injured with injection in superomedial quadrant of buttock |
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Hydatidiform mole
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-form of gestational trophoblastic disease that can be classified as complete or parti a
-complete mole has no fetal structures – composed entirely of large edematous and disordered chorionic villi that appear grossly as clusters of vesicular structures with "bunch of grape" appearance. -Complete moles almost always have a 46 XX karyotype, and all chromosomes are PATERNALLY DERIVED -complete mole forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg, then replicates its own chromosomes while eliminating the maternal chromosomes |
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Paget's disease of the bone
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-seen in older patients with bone pain and increased alkaline phosphatase level
-disease process starts with marked osteoclastic activation, then increased activity of bone-forming osteoBLASTS -net result is increased bone resoption and formation of abnormal bone -new collagen laid down in a HAPHAZARD MANNER (vs. the normal linear manner) -end product is a mosaic pattern of lamellar bone with irregular sections, linked by CEMENT LINES, which represent previous areas of bone resorption |
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Alcoholic patient in the ER
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-patients who are temporarily incapacitated should not be allowed to make important health care decisions
-should be told, "we cannot release you until you are sober." |
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Two-sample t test
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-the two-sample t test is a statistical method commonly employed to compare the means of 2 groups of subjects.
-i.e., mean (and SD) given for two groups --> use two-sample t test to further analyze the data |
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Isotype switching
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-primary immune response to a new antigen initially results in plasma cells that produce only IgM
-isotype switchin occur later in the GERMINAL CENTERS OF LYMPH NODES, and requires interaction of the CD40 receptor on B-cells with the CD40 ligand (CD154) expressed by activated T-cells -IgG is the main serum immunoglobulin of the secondary response |
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Methacholine test
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-airway challenge testing with methacholine is highly sensitive (but nonspecific) measure to detect degree of bronchial hyper-reactivity in patients suspected of having asthma
-negative methacholine challenge test can therefore help to rule out (exclude) diagnosis. -other measures, such as chest x-ray, blood eosinophil count, serum IgE level, and skin reactivity to allergens, are less sensitive measures of asthma |
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GFR vs. serum creatinine
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-when GFR is normal, relatively large decreases in GFR result in only small increases in serum creatinine
-vs. when GFR is significantly decreased, small decrements in GFR produce relatively large changes in serum creatinine. -general rule: every time GFR halves, serum creatinine doubles |
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Difficulty in swallowing + disfigured nails
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-these symptoms are specific for iron deficiency anemia
-many clinical features that occur due to decreased hemoglobin are common to all types of anemia – e.g., malaise, fatigue, pallor, decreased exercise capacity, and CHF -symptoms of dysphagia and disfigured nails (spoon nails, or koilonychia) are more specific to iron deficiency anemia -dysphagia in patient with iron deficiency anemia is often caused by formation of esophageal webs (Plummer-Vinson syndrome) |
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Streptomycin mechanism of action
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-Streptomycin inhibits initiation of protein synthesis by binding to and distorting structure of prokaryotic 30S ribosomal subunit, i.e., by disrupting initiation of protein synthesis.
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Neural tube defects (embryo)
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-Neural system is formed from ectoderm
-failure of neural tube to close during fourth week of fetal life leads to neural tube defects -most commonly form in region of anterior or posterior neuropores – e.g., causing mengiocele and meningomyelocele (cystic mass in lower spine region) -FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION early in pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of these defects. |
