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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fireground Ventilation Defintion |
The systematic removal of heated air, smoke, and fire gases from a burning building and replacing them with cooler air |
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Life Safety: Increases Firefighter _______ by ________ the interior temperature and _______ visibility. |
safety reducing increasing |
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Life safety: Reduces the chance of firefighters receiving _______ ________ when the water is applied to the fire by providing an _______ path for the _____ when water is ________ |
Steam burns escape steam vaporized |
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Life safety: ________ and ________ search and rescue operations by removing ______ and ______ that endanger trapped or unconscious patients. |
simplifies expedites smoke gases |
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Fire Attack and Extinguishment: Permits firefighters to more rapidly ______ the fire and proceed with _________ when effective ventilation improves the ______ inside a burning building |
locate extinguishment visibilty |
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when the ventilation opening is made in the upper portion of a building , a ________ effect occurs. |
Chimney
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If the opening is made directly over a fire, it tends to _______ the fire.
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Localize
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If the opening is made away from the fire, it may contribute to fire _____ by drawing the fire through __________ areas toward the ventilation opening. |
spread uninvolved |
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ventilation must be closely coordinated with ______ attack |
Fire |
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Fire spread control: Effective ventilation: -________ the rate of smoke layer development. -can reduce the process of smoke layer development by ________ more smoke from the structure than the fire is producing -reduces the rate at which fire will spread over an area by providing an ______ path for the rising heated gases
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reduces exhausting escape |
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Fire spread control: even with proper ventilation, if the fire is not __________ soon after ventilation is completed, the __________ supply of fresh air will _____ the fire and allow it to ______ and spread into attic and concealed spaces |
extinguished increased feed grow |
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Fire spread control: Ventilation should occur only after _________ crews are ready to move in and attack the fire. |
Hoseline |
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Reduction of Backdraft potential: when a fire is _______ in a compartment and it does not break a window or burn through to the outside, the fire will ____ the oxygen level in the room until flaming ________ is no longer possible. |
confined reduce combustion |
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Reduction of backdraft potential: If an ____ supply is introduced by firefighters opening doors or windows, a violent _______ occurs.
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Air Backdraft |
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To prevent backdraft conditions from developing, carefully controlled _________ must be provided. |
Ventilation |
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In most cases, the safest way to vent a building with backdraft potential is _________ |
Vertically |
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Signs of a potential backdraft: (6) |
- Confinement and excessive heat - Smoke-stained Windows - Smoke puffing at intervals from the building - Pressurized smoke coming from all cracks - little visible flame from the exterior of the building - Black smoke becoming dense gray-yellow |
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Rapid extinguishment of a fire reduces damage caused by _______, ________, and ______ |
water heat smoke
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Timely and effective ________ helps ff extinguish interior fires ______ and more _________. |
Ventilation faster efficiently |
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smoke may be removed from burning buildings by _________ or _______ means. Ventilation usually reduces _____ damage. |
natural mechanical smoke |
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________ ventilation involves opening doors and windows to allow ______ air currents to move smoke and heat out of the building
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Natural
natural |
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__________ ventilation involves the use of fans |
Mechanical |
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when ______, ________ and ________ are removed from a burning building, the fire can be confined to a specific area. |
Smoke Gases Heat |
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If there are sufficient personnel on scene, effective ________ operations can be initiated outside the immediate area of the fire even while fire control operations are being conducted. |
salvage
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The first consideration is safety of _______ and building ______, which includes ______, _______, and ___________. |
Firefighters occupants people pets Livestock |
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life hazards in a burning building are generally lower if the occupants are ________ |
Awake |
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If occupants were asleep when the fire developed what are the 4 possibilities that must be considered. |
-May have been overcome by smoke and gases
-May have become lost in the building.
-They may be alive and taking refuge in their rooms because their doors were closed
-Timely and effective ventilation will facilitate search and rescue operations |
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What are the 6 hazards from the accumulation of smoke and gases in a building? |
- visual impairment caused by dense smoke - presence of toxic gases - lack of oxygen - presence of flammable gases - possibility of backdraft - possibility of flashover |
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______ of the smoke increases with the amount of suspended particles |
Density |
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What are the 4 attributes of smoke? |
volume velocity density color |
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what are the 8 gases found in smoke? |
Carbon monoxide Sulfer dioxide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen Cyanide Aldehydes Benzene Acrolein
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Smoke is _______ |
Fuel |
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In addition to the location of the fire within the building, The buildings _____, _____, and _____ must be considered in relation the the best ways to ventilate it. |
Age Type Design |
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In a high rise building fire and smoke can spread quickly through pipe shafts, stairways, elevator shafts, air-handling systems, and other vertical and horizontal openings. These openings contribute to a ______ effect. |
Stack |
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Hot smoke and fire gases travel ______ through a building until they reach the ____ of the building or they are _______ to the temp of the surrounding air.
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upward
top cooled |
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when equalization of temperature occurs, the smoke and fire gases stop rising and _____ within the building. |
Stratify |
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after the stairwell of a high-rise is cleared of smoke a _____ fan should be placed ________ the door of the stairwell at ground level. ______ floors below the fire floor, an additional ___ should be placed in the occupants hallway directed into an open stairwell door, forcing air into the stairwell. |
PPV Outside 2 ppv |
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the goal is to _______ all stairwells in a high-rise. |
Pressurize |
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windowless buildings usually require ________ ventilation. |
Mechanical |
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______ arriving units must attempt to determine the size and extent of the fire as well as its location |
first |
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opening the roof or existing roof openings for the purpose of allowing heated gases and smoke to escape to the atmosphere. |
Vertical Ventilation |
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FF must understand the basic types and designs of _______ |
Roofs |
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The likelihood of roof collapse is affected by a variety of factors. (5) |
Volume of Fire
How long the fire has been burning.
Type of construction.
Level of protection
Load on the roof |
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how do you ensure the roof is safe to operate on? |
Sounding Visual Observation |
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when should the ladder company leave the roof? |
as soon as their assignment is completed. |
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work with wind at _____ or _____ to provide protection while cutting the roof opening. |
back side |
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provide a second means of _____ for crews on the roof. |
escape |
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ensure the main ________ supports are not cut while creating a ventilation opening. |
structural |
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________ the opening to prevent personnel from falling into it |
Guard |
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use _______, ____ ________, or other means to prevent personnel from sliding and falling off the roof. |
lifelines Roof ladders |
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ensure that all personnel on the roof are wearing full ____ including ______, and that they are breathing _____ air. |
PPE SCBA SCBA |
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start power tool on the ______ to ensure operation but only saws equipped with ______ locks should be carried to the roof while still running. |
ground safety |
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make sure that the angle of the cut is not towards the _______ |
body |
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extend ladders at least ____ to ____ rungs above the roof line and secure the ladder. |
3 5 |
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when operating from aerial ladder platforms, the floor of the platform should be _____ with or slightly _____ roof level. |
even above |
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check the roof for structural integrity by ______ before stepping on it and continue _______ it throughout the operation. do not ______ on the roof. |
Sounding sounding Jump |
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if super heated gases do not exit the opening, ensure that _______ are punched through to enhance ventilation. |
ceilings |
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Warning signs of a roof: (4) |
Melting asphalt
spongy roof
smoke coming through the roof coverings
fire coming from the roof |
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What is the part of the roof exposed to the weather? |
Roof Coverings |
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Types of roof coverings: (6)
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- wooden shakes or shingles
- imitation shakes or tiles made of molded metal or rubber - composition shingles or roll roofing - slate - synthetic membrane - built-up tar and gravel surface |
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types of existing roof openings |
scuttle hatches skylights penthouse doors |
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roof commonly found on commercial, industrial, and apartment buildings |
Flat roof |
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flat roofs typically support _____ ______, _____ ________, _______, and other obstructions that may interfere with ventilation operations. |
water tanks HVAC equipment antennas |
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generally similar to construction of a floor assembly consisting of wooden, concrete, or metal bar joists covered with sheathing or decking. |
structural part |
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may be sheets of plywood or OSB, planks butted together, or corrugated material. |
decking |
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what is commonly covered with a layer of insulation and a waterproofing material and then mopped with hot asphalt roofing tar? |
Decking |
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preferred tool when cutting into a flat roof? |
Circular saw |
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optimal ventilation opening for commercial roof is? |
8x8 |
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what is one way to achieve the 8x8 cut? |
7-9-8 or coffin cut |
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types of roofs (5) |
Flat Pitched Arched Concrete Metal |
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most pitched-roof construction involves ______ or ________ that run from the ridge to the top of the outer wall at the eaves level. |
rafters trusses |
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preferred tool for sloped roofs with composition shingles? |
Chain Saw |
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Optimal size cut for residential roofs are? |
4x4 |
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_______ roofs can span large open areas unsupported by pillars or post. |
Arched |
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Arched roof is constructed using _______ trusses |
Bowstring |
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arched roofs should only be vented using an _______ |
Aerial ladder |
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when venting a concrete roof how should you ventilate? |
existing roof opening |
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Used to stop the spread of fire in a long, narrow structure. |
Trench Ventilation. |
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Factors that can reduce the effectiveness of vertical ventilation. (7) |
1. improper use of forced ventilation 2. indiscriminate window breaking. 3. fire streams directed into ventilation openings 4. interior barriers between the fire and vent openings 5. floored attic spaces of materials stored in the attic 6. burn-through of the roof, a floor, or a wall. 7. additional openings between the attack team and the upper opening. |
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The venting of heat, smoke, and gases through horizontal openings such as windows and doors.
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horizontal ventilation .
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_______ conditions must always be considered when setting up horizontal ventilation. |
weather |
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_______ can either aid or hinder horizontal ventilation. |
Wind |
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The side of the building the wind is striking |
windward |
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opposite of windward |
leeward |
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includes the building occupants and any uninvolved rooms or portions of the building |
internal exposures |
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describes the oldest type of mechanical forced ventilation techniques using fans to develop artificial circulation or enhance natural ventilation to expel smoke from a structure. |
NPV |
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with NPV fans are placed in ______, ______ , or ______ vent openings, to exhaust the smoke, heat,, and gases from inside the building to the exterior. |
windoes doors roof |
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NPV; the fan should be positioned to exhaust in the ______ direction as the prevailing wind. |
same |
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recirculation of smoke using NPV is called _____, and it reduces ventilation efficiency. |
Churning |
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NPV; the flow of smoke and other gases to the exit opening should be kept as _____ as possible |
straight. |
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________ pressure is much less efficient than _____ |
negative PPV |
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forced ventilation technique that uses a high-volume fan to create a slightly higher pressure inside a building than that outside |
PPV |
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as long as the pressure is ______ inside the building, the smoke within the building is forced through the _______ exit opening to the _____ pressure zone outside. |
higher ventilation lower |
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the location where the PPV is set up is called the ______ _______ |
entry point |
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PPV; once the location is selected, an _____ opening must be created _______ the entry point |
exit opposite |
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PPV; The exit opening may be a ______ or ______ |
window doorway |
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once the exit opening has been created a ______ is place ___ to ____ feet outside the open entry point so that the cone of air from the bow completely covers the doorway opening. |
blower 4 10 |
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to maintin positive pressure inside it is important that no other _____ doors or ______ are opened during the PPV operation
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exterior
windows |
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by selectively opening and closing ______ doors and ______ windows, it is possible to pressurize one room or area at a time. |
interior exterior |
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Using PPV in a multistory building it is best to apply positive pressure at the________ point through the use of one or more blowers
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Lowest
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PPV requires good fire ground_____,________, & ________
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Discipline
Coordination Tactics |
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To ensure an effective PPV operation. Do 3 things.
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Take advantage of existing work conditions.
Reduce the size of the area being pressurized to speed up the process by selectively opening and closing interior doors Keep the size of the exit opening in proportion to the entry opening |
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An ______ structure is required for PPV
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Intact
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Uses the air movement created by a fog stream to help draw the products of combustion out of the fire.
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Hydraulic ventilation.
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During hydraulic ventilation a fog stream is set on a ______ pattern that will cover___ to___ percent of the window or door opening from which the smoke will be pushed out.
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Wide
85 90 |
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During hydraulic ventilation the nozzle tip should be placed at least___ ft back from the opening.
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2
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Type of chainsaw used
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Stihl ms 460 rescue
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Chainsaw equipped with ____in bar and _______ tipped chain
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20
Carbide |
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Chainsaw best suited for_____ shingles on a________ roof
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Asphalt
Pitched |
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Chainsaw equipped with Chain______.
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Brake
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________ chainsaws on each truck.
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1
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Type of circular saw used.
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Husqvarna k960 or k970 (14in) circular saw.
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Circular saw best suited for________ roofs and_______ entry
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Flat
Forcible |
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________ circular saws on each ladder truck
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2
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12 inch______ ________ tipped blade.
Performs in all_____ products and_____ and______ over wood decking. Disadvantage not intended to cut________. Cutting depth____ inches. |
Chopper carbide
Wood Tar Gravel Metal 4 |
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14 inch_______ _________ blade.
Good on_____ _______. Great on______ steel or______ steel. Disadvantage blade is _______ during use and not good for cutting ________. Cutting depth____inches for a new blade. |
Aluminum oxide
Sheet metal Hardened or thick Consumed Wood 5 |
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14 inch______ _______ blade
Great on______ ______ Good for______,______ _______, and________. Disadvantage not good on______,_______ or________ steel. Cutting depth___ inches |
Piraya diamond
Sheet metal Concrete, concrete block, asphalt Wood, Hardened, or thick 5 |
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14 inch______ ______ blade.
___directional. Best for___ & _____ over______ decking. Good for_____metal,______ & ______ _______. Disadvantage slow to cut_____ Quote.. 9 words |
D'ax multicut
Bi Tar and Gravel over metal Sheet, steel(up to 3/16), concrete block Wood Is good for everything, but not great for anything. |
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Length of the roof line all the way across.
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Span
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Length from eave to pitch
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Run
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Height from eave to pitch
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Rise
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Roof pitch chart is always_____ over______
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Rise
Run |