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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homology
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Homologous structures in related organisms derived from common ancestry.
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Serial Homology
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Repeated similar structures within an organism derived from primary body segments (vertebrae, etc)
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Analogy
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Structures with similar function and appearance, but without common genetic basis
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Homoplasy
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Similarity that isn't homologous or analogous.
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Convergence of traits happens when...
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When there are limited morphological solutions to an environment. (fish form)
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Vertebrate
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Bilateral symmetry
Primary body segmentation Dorsal hollow nerve cord Post-anal tail Pharyngeal gill slits V shaped myomeres Well developed head Appeared in middle-early cambrian (500MYA) |
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Cladogram
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Branch Diagram
Used for showing common ancestors Strong with existing groups Weaker with extinct because less data, difficulty recognizing convergent evolution |
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Parsimony
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Evolution always takes the minimum number of steps
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Palezoic Era
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544MYA-254MYA
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Cambell's
Onion Soup Did Made Peter Puke |
Cambrian 544-505
Ordovician 505-440 Sularian 440-410 Devonian 410-360 Mississippian 360-325 Pennsylvanian 325-286 Permian 286-245 |
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Appearance of major chordate groups in fossil record
Cambrian Ordovician Silurian |
Cambrian = First chordates / vertebrates 520-530MYA
Ordovician = first bone, agnathans (jawless fish with bony exoskeletons) 470MYA Silurian = First gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), sharks, rays, holocephalans |
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Appearance of Taxa
Late Devonian Carboniferous Late Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous |
D = Tetrapods (amphibians)
C = Amniotes (reptiles), which split into synapsids & sauropsids) T = First mammals, dinosaurs, frogs, turtles, crocodilians J = Birds, lizards Cret = Snakes |
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Endoderm
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Forms lining of gut
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Mesoderm
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Forms connective tissues and muscle
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Ectoderm
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Forms neural tisue, epidermis and sense organs
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Protostome
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Mouth First. Mostly spiral cleavage
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Deuterostome
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Mouth Forms Second. Embryonic opening of gastrula (blastopore) forms anus. Radial Cleavage
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Coelomates
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Have fluid-filled body cavity lined by mesoderm
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Chordate
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Notochord: elastic rod, allows side-to-side flexing
2) pharyngeal slits: feeding/respiratory 3) dorsall-positioned tubular nerve cord 4) post-anal tail 5) segmented myomeres(blocks of skeletal muscle) |
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Urochordata
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1 of 3 subphyla of chordata
Tunicates, Sea Squirts Adults sessile filter feeders pharyngeal basket for filtering food larvae are free-living motile with chorate characters (sense, locomotion) |
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Lancelet
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Subphylum chordata
Cosmopolitan distribution in warm & tropics small sessile marine filter feeders cilia move water across pharyngeal apparatus, functions primarily in feeding |
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Craniata
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Evolutionary pressures result in increased size, activity, and integration of sense and locomotion abilities. Vertebrates begin to enter water column and become dominate marine predators.
Major adaptive radiation of jawless vertebrates in late Ordovician |
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Centrum
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Cylindrical body of the vertebra
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Craniate innovations
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Brain from elaboration of anterior end of nerve tube
Bone/cartilage that protects brain paired sense organs (eyes, nose) Neural Crest Cells |
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Neural Crest Tissue
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specialized embryonic tissue. Forms in the embryonic neural tube, then migrates and contributes to the formation of sense organs, peripheral nervous system, pigment
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Cephalization brought about a 3 part brain
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fore = nose
mid = eyes hindbrain = ears |
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For Vertebrate classification:
Kingdom Phylum Subphylum |
Animalia
Chordata Vertebrata(craniata) |
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For Vertebrate classification:
Class |
Agnatha
Placodermi Chondrichthyes Acanthodii Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilla Aves Mammalia |
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Class Agnatha
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Lampreys and hagfish
Myxini = hagfish Highly specialized scavengers that lack bone. Body is iso-osmotic to seawater, use thick slime as defense. Craniates (but not vertebrates) Have cartilaginous braincase, but no notochord support. |
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Petromyzontiformes
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Lampreys, specialized predators of bony fish. round, sucking mouth with tongue, keratinous teeth, muscular pharynx to suck blood. No bone in living agnathans, but many extinct ones with bony exoskeleton.
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Conodonts
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First bone. Found many tiny bony tooth-like structures. Soft-bodied vertebrates.
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Primitive dermal bone
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Enamel covering dentine on outer layer
Middle layer is spongy bone Basal layer is laminated acellular bone |
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Gnathostomes
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Origin of jaws, likely evolved from supporting bones or cartilages of anterior gill arches.
Paired fins, anterior pectoral and posterior pelvic fins. Associated with pectoral and pelvic girdles in body wall. Selection for increased stability & maneuverability. |
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Placoderms
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First gnathostome found in 430MYA. Extensive fused plates of dermal bone on head and trunk. Notochord with ossified neural and hemal arches and lacking bony centrum. Evidence of internal fertilization & live birth. Similar to sharks. Disappeared by mid Carboniferous.
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Ossification
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Laying down new bone
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Chondrichthyes
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Sharks, Rays, chimeras. Cartilaginous endoskeleton (calcified) Lacks bone, has placoid scales. Large liver for buoyancy, large pectoral fins for lift, conveyor belt tooth replacement. Internal fertilization
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Placoid Scale
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"small tooth" Bony base, cone-shaped dentine crown over enamel over inner pulp cavity.
Develops in dermis, erupts through skin. |
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Lamprey & Hagfish additional info
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PRIMITIVE: Lack bone, retain notochord, lack jaws, paired median fins, less than 7 pharyngeal slits, 1-2 semicircular canals in inner ear, monomeric hemoglobin, hagfish are osmo-conformers.
DERIVED: specialized life history (anadromy, ectoparasitic, complex metamorphosis. Modified feeders & respiratory, hagfish slime and knotting strategies. |
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Osteichthyans
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Bony fish, most have highly ossified endoskeletons, early forms has simple lungs, fossil traces from early Silurian deposits, advanced modern species with gas filled swim bladders
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Osteichthyes break down into Actinopterygians
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Actinopterygians (ray finned) fish
most species of existing vertebrate group. fins supported by bony rays, movement controlled by muscle in body wall |
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And Sarcopterygians
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Lobe-finned fish, 3 extant species of lungfish (dipnoi) Late Palezoic-Mesozoic diversity. Skull specialized for powerful bite. Can aestivate. Peak diversity in Devonian. Most gone 65MYA
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Lobe finned fish into 2 groups
Crossopterygians and Dipnoans |
Single living species, coelacanths only group to survive Paleozoic. Advanced crossopterygians approach tetrapod condition.
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Acanthostega
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360 MYA, Earliest forms highly aquatic. Generally poorly adapted to come onto land, anatomically intermediate between lobe-finned fish and full tetrapods. Pelvic region was fused and gave it more power.
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Osteichthyans
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Bony fish, most have highly ossified endoskeletons, early forms has simple lungs, fossil traces from early Silurian deposits, advanced modern species with gas filled swim bladders
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Osteichthyes break down into Actinopterygians
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Actinopterygians (ray finned) fish
most species of existing vertebrate group. fins supported by bony rays, movement controlled by muscle in body wall |
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And Sarcopterygians
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Lobe-finned fish, 3 extant species of lungfish (dipnoi) Late Palezoic-Mesozoic diversity. Skull specialized for powerful bite. Can aestivate. Peak diversity in Devonian. Most gone 65MYA
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Lobe finned fish into 2 groups
Crossopterygians and Dipnoans |
Single living species, coelacanths only group to survive Paleozoic. Advanced crossopterygians approach tetrapod condition.
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Acanthostega
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360 MYA, Earliest forms highly aquatic. Still had aquatic tail, low to ground.
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Origin of amniotes
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amphibian reproduction: external fertilization, fish-like eggs, aquatic larvae
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Carboniferous tetrapods(cotylosaurs)
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evolved extra embryonic membranes (egg shells).
Amnion: surrounds, bathes embryo in fluid Yolk sac: provides nutrients for development allantois: metabolic wastes, gas exchange Chorion: peripheral membrane |
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Synapsids
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Amniote with single temporal fenestra
Large left aortic arch bronchoalveolar lungs specialized teeth |
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Sauropsids (all other amniotes
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Right aortic arch emphasized, septate lungs, posess anapsid or diapsid skulls.
Anapsid (basal reptiles and turtles) lepidosaurs: lizards, snakes archosaurs: crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds |
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Anapsid
Synapsid Diapsid Euryapsid |
No temporal fenestra
One Two (stacked) One (at the top) |
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Allometry
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Proportional and predictable change in dependent variable (shape, metabolic rate) with change in independent variable (usually size/mass)
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Isometric scaling
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Pattern in growth where shape does not change with increase in size (rare)
desmognathine salamanders, some pterosaurs. |
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Integument
Epidermis |
Skin, largest organ, poorly vascularized, limited innervation, regenerates, (ectodermal origin)
Dermis (derived from mesoderm/dermatome) dense fibrous connective tissue, highly vascularized, well innervated, bone, dentine (25% organic) forms in dermis. |
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Integument
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Barrier to pathogens
Mechanical protection Reduction of water loss Thermoregulation Respiration Muscle attachment Sensory Sexual Signaling |
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Bony fish had integument with 4 layers
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superficial enameloid
dentine vascular spongy bone lamellar bone |
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Placoid Scale
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Ganoid Scale
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Cosmoid Scale
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Similar to bony armor of ostracoderms
Overlapping scales with light enamel coat overlaying dentine. |
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Teleost fish scale types
Cycloid Ctenoid |
Concentric rings of lamellar bone
comb-like fringe on posterior surface |
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Reptile Skin
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Cornified epidermis.
Stratum germinativum=freshest layer s. granulosem=keratin infused mid s. corneum=dead section, highly keratinized. old skin shed as sheets in lizards while new epidermis develops beneath. |
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Birds
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Thin, glandular skin with feathers
uropygial gland at base of tail (lipoprotein for preening & feather care) Feathers for flight, insulation, sexual display, evolutionary derivation from reptillian scales. Develops in follicles from invaginations of epidermis. Root nourished by dermal papillae, beta keratin highly durable protein. |
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Feather
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Calamus (quill)
rachis (shaft) barbs, barbules, hooklets |