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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stratefied squamous (keratinized) cells are found in the:
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epidermis
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T or F. Neoplasia refers to any abnormal growth of cells and can be benign or malignant.
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True.
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The Term that describes an increase in cell size is:
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Hypertrophy
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The compartment within the cytoplasm that can serves excretory, secretory, and storage functions is?
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vacuole
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What techniques are used to collect cells for cytology?
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FNA, swab, scrapings
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The cell structure that house the genetic code is -
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nucleus
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The bones, joint cartilage, tendons, and ligaments blood and fat are all examples of what?
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connective tissue
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Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues are commonly called what?
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carcinomas
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What is the process of cell division in animals called?
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mitosis
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Where can vacuoles be seen?
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In the cytoplasm
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What term describes a variation in the size of cells of the same type?
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Anisocytosis
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What type of cell extension lines the intestines andother areas of the body?
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microvilli
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What is the procees called where certain WBC engolf and destroy bacteria?
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Phagocytosis
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What term describes a significant variation in the size of the nucleus of cells of the same general type?
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anisokaryosis
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What cell structure is located in the nucleus and plays an important role in the formation of ribosomes?
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Nucleolus
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What term describes a decrease in cell size?
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atrophy
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Body cavity fluids classified based on what?
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Cell count and protein content
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T or F. Transudate effusions are always cloudy.
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False.
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What are the characteristics of a properly prepared cytology slide?
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thin area of smear, intact cells, individual cells persent
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____is an accumulation of dead leukocytes and tissue debris at the focal point of infection.
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pus
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What technique is useful in determining the estrus cycle stage?
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exfoliative cytology
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Cytology of a speciment that contains several neutriphils in fair to poor condition, bacteria, muccoid represents ____ process
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infectious
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when dealing with greasy/oily exudates, what is an important step prior to staining the slide?
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heat fix the slide
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The calavaria is:
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skull cap
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What is not as good a guide to fertility in a male dog?
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ejaculate volume
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In vaginal ccytology the epithelial cells that are predominant and define cytologic estrus are:
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superficial cells
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Other cells that can be seen on vaginal smears include:
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RBC, neutrophils, foam cells
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What stage of canine estrous will the female accept the male?
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estrus
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Stage of the estrous cycle where estrogen decrease and progesterone increase with 90% of cells being superficial is:
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Estrus
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Why must a necropsy be performed as soon as possible after death?
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decompostiion occurs rapidly and can render tissues unfit for analysis
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T or F. When a patient is euthanized it is critical to record the exact time of death and give to the person performing the necropsy?
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True.
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Why are special tools designated for necropsy?
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To avoid the spread of pathogens
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T or F. Collection of samples for anaerobic culture on regular swabs and tubes is completely useless.
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true.
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Staphylococci shape and arrangement are :
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clusters of cocci
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Malassezia and Dermatophytosis are caused by:
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fungi
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Anthrax can remain in the environment for long periods of time because of the development of:
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endospores
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Potassium hydoxide preparation (KOH) is used to diagnosis:
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fungal infections
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The virology test performed in a diagnostic lab which requires 2 specimens collected 2-3 weeks apart is:
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serology - paired serum samples
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The study of fungi is:
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mycology
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Parvo and Pankeukopenia are caused by:
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viruses
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What are the genera that cause ringworm infections in humans and animals?
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Microsporum and Trichopyton
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The microbes produced by budding, sporing and fragmentation are:
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fungi
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T or F. Viral specimens should be refrigerated when possible because virus titers decrease as temperatures increase.
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true
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What is the range in human cell diameters?
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10-30
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Briefly describe the functions of the nucleus and the nucleoli
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Nucleus: control center of brain of the cell. Primary functions are to maintain hereditary information of the species and to control cellular activities through protein synthesis. Nucleoli: places in the nucleus where ribosomal units are made.
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define phagocytosis:
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destruction by phagocytes: the engulfing and ingesting of foreign particles or waste matter by phagocytes
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Define mytosis:
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cell division: the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each of which has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
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Define apoptosis:
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necessary death of cells: a form of cell death necessary to make way for new cells and to remove cells whose DNA has been damaged to the point at which cancerous change is liable to occur
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Define necrosis:
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tissue death: the death of cells in a tissue or organ caused by disease or injury.
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Define neoplasia:
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formation of tumors: the formation or existence of tumors
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Briefly describe the 4 distinct phases of mitosis
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Interphase: cells makes a copy of its DNA and another pair of centromeres.
Prophase: Chromatin strands coil and condense forming chromosomes attached to a central kinetochore. Nuclear envelope distingrates and spindle apparatus forms. Metaphase: chromosomes line up in center of spindle. Centromere of each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber. Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, forming duplicate sets of chromosomes. Cytoplasm constricts at the metaphyseal plate. Telophase: Chromatin unravels at the poles of the cell, nuclear envelope reappears. Cytokinesis is end of telophase. |
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Atropy
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Decrease in cell size.
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size
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Hyperplasia
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Increased rate in cellular production
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Dysplasia
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Change in shape, size or organization of cells in tissue.
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Benign
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not life-threatening: not a threat to life or long-term health, especially by being noncancerous
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Malignant
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non-encapsulated tumors that tend to spread to other parts of the body.
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Neoplasm
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abnormal growth of cells.
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Metastasis
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migration of malignant cells by way of lymphatic or blood tissues.
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biopsy
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removal and examination of living tissue
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Carcinogens
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agents that cause genetic activity that causes abnormal cell growth.
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Tumor
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abnormal growth of cells, neoplasm
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Histology
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the science dealing with “the structure of organ tissues, including the composition of cells and their organization into various body tissues”.
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List the types of Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Proper (loose connective and dense connective). Specialized Connective Tissue (blood bone and cartilage)
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Define the term tissue and identify the four principal tissue types. List the functions of each
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Definition: cells of similar type and function are clustered into layers, sheets, or groups.
Epithelial Tissue: covers and lines. Connective Tissue: provides support. Muscle Tissue: enables movement. Nervous Tissue: controls work. |
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What are the 7 important functions of epithelial tissue?
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? 1. Protects covers and lines, 2. Filters biochemical substances; 3. Absorbs nutrients; 4. Provides sensory input; 5. Manufactures secretions, 6. Manufactures excretions. 7. Interface layer that defines beginning and ending of different types of tissue.
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Necrotic
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death of a particular portion of tissue
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Edema
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an abnormal accumulation of fluid, either localized or generalized, within the tissues or cavities of the body.
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Biopsy
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removal and examination of living tissue.
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Effusion
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excess fluid that has escaped into a body cavity to the detriment of normal body function.
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List the subgroups of neoplasms depending on the tissue in which they originate. Group these under benign and malignant
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Benign: Epithelial Tumors: papilloma, adenoma, nevus. Connective Tumors: lipomas, oesteoma, condroma. Malignant Epithelial Tumors: melanoma, adenocarcinoma. Connective: Lymphoma, oesteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma. Nerve Tumor: enuroblastoma. Connective and Epithelial: adenofirbomas (benign).
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Mitotic figures
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the condensed chromosomes by which a cell that is undergoing mitosis can be identified
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Coarse chromatin pattern
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coarser than normal and may appear ropy or cordlike
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Pleomorphism
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different forms in life cycle: the characteristic in some organisms of taking on at least two different forms during the life cycle, or the ability to do this
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Anisokaryosis
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inequality in the size of the nuclei of cells.
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Karyosis
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rapid cell death
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Pyknosis
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is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis
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Karyorrhexis
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the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm
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Karolysis
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: the complete dissolution of the chromatin matter of a dying cell due to the activity of DNase.
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Nucleoli
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A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell
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Anisocytosis
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cells are of an unequal size.
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Hyperplasia
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An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue
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Learn the steps involved in making a general cytologic diagnosis
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Begin neoplasia: hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells. Malignancy: 3 of more nuclear criteria of malignancy are present.
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Can you rule out a malignant tumor just based on cytology? Why?
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. No. The sample form the FNA may not have hit the “hot” or cancerous cells.
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Can you differentiate between benign neoplasias and hyperplasia using cytology alone?
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No, distinction must be made histologically.
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Microscopy: Please list how you should evaluate a cytologic sample (from start to finish)
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Slide preparation, scanning slide for a neoplastic area, identify the tissue origin and evaluate the cells for malignant charactertisitics.
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Is Nuclear Criteria of malignancy more important the Cytoplasmic Criteria? Why?
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Yes. Generally the specimen is identified when 3 or more nuclear criteria for malignancy are found. It is the basis for the diagnosis.
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